How precise are oral splints for frameless stereotaxy in guided ear, nose, throat, and maxillofacial surgery: a cadaver study

Abstract

BackgroundComputer-assisted surgery optimises accuracy and serves to improve precise surgical procedures. We validated oral splints with fiducial markers by testing them against rigid bone markers.MethodsWe screwed twenty bone anchors as fiducial markers into different regions of a dried skull and measured the distances. After computed tomography (CT) scanning, the accuracy was evaluated by determining the markers’ position using frameless stereotaxy on a dry cadaver and indicated on the CT scan. We compared the accuracy of chairside fabricated oral splints to standard registration with bone markers immediately after fabrication and after a ten-time use. Accuracy was calculated as deviation (mean ± standard deviation). For statistical analysis, t test, Kruskal-Wallis, Tukey's, and various linear regression models, such as the Pearson's product–moment correlation coefficient, were used.ResultsOral splints showed an accuracy of 0.90 mm ± 0.27 for viscerocranium, 1.10 mm ± 0.39 for skull base, and 1.45 mm ± 0.59 for neurocranium. We found an accuracy of less than 2 mm for both splints for a distance of up to 152 mm. The accuracy persisted even after ten times removing and reattaching the splints.ConclusionsOral splints offer a non-invasive indicator to improve the accuracy of image-guided surgery. The precision is dependent on the distance to the target. Up to 150-mm distance, a precision of fewer than 2 mm is possible. Dental splints provide sufficient accuracy than bone markers and may opt for higher precision combined with other non-invasive registration methods.