Abstract
Temporal binding refers to the compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary actions and their sensory consequences. Research suggests that the emotional content of an action outcome can modulate the effects of temporal binding. We attempted to conceptually replicate these findings using a time interval estimation task and different emotionally-valenced action outcomes (Experiments 1 and 2) than used in previous research. Contrary to previous findings, we found no evidence that temporal binding was affected by the emotional valence of action outcomes. After validating our stimuli for equivalence of perceived emotional valence and arousal (Experiment 3), in Experiment 4 we directly replicated Yoshie and Haggard's (2013) original experiment using sound vocalizations as action outcomes and failed to detect a significant effect of emotion on temporal binding. These studies suggest that the emotional valence of action outcomes exerts little influence on temporal binding. The potential implications of these findings are discussed.
Highlights
Temporal binding refers to the compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary actions and their sensory consequences (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002)
One potential limitation of Experiment 1 is that previous research has shown that emoticons can have the same affective consequences as real faces do (Öhman et al, 2001), the emoticons we used might not have elicited enough of an emotional response to modulate temporal binding
Real face images have been welldocumented to elicit electrocortical responses, and emotional expressions are typically rated along the dimensions of valence and arousal: Smith, Weinberg, Moran, and Hajcak (2013), using the NimStim collection of face-images (NimStim, Tottenham et al, 2009), found that emotional expressions, elicited greater cortical responses than neutral face images
Summary
Temporal binding refers to the compression of the perceived time interval between voluntary actions and their sensory consequences (Haggard, Clark, & Kalogeras, 2002). Haggard et al (2002) examined judgements of the onset time of both a voluntary action and a resulting tone using the Libet clock method (Libet, Gleason, Wright, & Pearl, 1983), where one estimates the time of onset of an action or outcome via the position of a rotating clock-hand around a clock-face. These judgements were compared to those made when only the action was performed (i.e., with no outcome) and when a sound was heard in isolation (i.e., without a prior cause). Temporal binding has been shown to occur for both self- and other-generated actions
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