Abstract
In many member states, trust in the institutions of the European Union has steadily declined. Various recent crises, and the insufficient responses of EU institutions and political decision makers have further intensified citizens’ criticism toward the EU and the EU integration process overall. Therefore, the rise of social movements demanding a different kind of ‘Europe’ does not come as a surprise. From the left, anti-austerity protests have put forward visions of a more social and democratic European Union. Also many other left-wing activists, such as those that participated in the European Social Forums or those campaigning for European Citizens’ Initiatives have put forward alternative visions. At the same time, many radical right forces have recently strongly criticized EU politics, mainly on immigration and refugee crisis topics. This chapter will address these issues. Drawing on various empirical cases of (left wing and right wing) movements in Europe, it will explore how social movements frame ‘Europe’ and the European integration process today. What are their (competing) visions of Europe as well as how these different ‘images of Europe(s)’ relate to their mobilization strategies and action repertoires.
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