Abstract
In the last few years, gut microbiota has been identified to be an essential mediator in health and disease. In fact, it interacts with various organs and systems in the body, including brain, lung, liver, bone, cardiovascular system, and others. Microbiota-derived metabolites such as the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate are primary signals, which link the gut microbiota and physiology. Then, the findings on the roles of microbiota profoundly change not only the key concepts of biology and medicine, but also of nutrition. In fact, it is currently evident how the main task of nutrition is not to nourish us, but to maintain a comfortable environment for the intestinal microbiota. In this way, it works in symbiosis with us, correctly controlling the functioning of the organs, the physiological parameters and the cellular regenerative processes. It is also evident that the strength of reparative processes correlates with the ability of digestive system to process complex foods, which increases during weaning, a period of time in which the diversity of bacterial strains increases. Therefore, a task of food is to keep trained the digestive system, to which it corresponds an high microbiota diversity. Elderly leads to reduced microbiota diversity to which corresponds an intestinal frailty, responsible for the frailty of the elderly. In conclusion, a correct diet may not only keep us in good health but may also guarantee us longer longevity.
Highlights
On the basis of recent acquisitions, the human body consists of two entities: one cellular, the other microbial
It is evident that the strength of reparative processes correlates with the ability of digestive system to process complex foods, which increases during weaning, a period of time in which the diversity of bacterial strains increases
Nowadays over 4500 articles support the role of microbioma as moderator in health and diseases, [1,2,3] and an altered gut microbiota composition, dysbiosis, has been reported in several neurological, neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral diseases as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, and autism. [4,5,6] Studies comparing germ-free animals and animals exposed to pathogenic bacterial infections, probiotics or antibiotics suggest the participation of the microbiota in the pathogenesis of such diseases, a pivotal role in host defense, regulation of immunity and the development of autoimmune disease
Summary
On the basis of recent acquisitions, the human body consists of two entities: one cellular, the other microbial. Each of us can be better identified through our gut microbes’s DNA than the one from our own cells. This bacterial genome is able to compensate our genetic damage, repair our DNA and modify our genetic expression. Nowadays over 4500 articles support the role of microbioma as moderator in health and diseases, [1,2,3] and an altered gut microbiota composition, dysbiosis, has been reported in several neurological, neurodegenerative and neurobehavioral diseases as Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s, epilepsy, and autism. Different intestinal dysbiosis, producing different chronic inflammatory responses, can lead to different neurological disease, i.e. Parkinson’s or Alzheimer’s. A stable modification of microbiota may be obtained acting on the intestinal environment, as reported on ketogenic diet, a rich in fats and poor in carbohydrates diet. [9] Its ability to produce a stable modification of microbiota, and not the production of ketosis, [10] may be responsible of its anticonvulsive effect, lasting years after its administration for only few months
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