HOW IMPORTANT IS MARKET-DISTRIBUTION TO CHINA’S EXPORTS OF LOW-CARBON GOODS?

Transformasi Hijau dan Implikasinya terhadap Daya Saing BerkelanjutanAbstractThis paper examines the linkage of green transformation and competitive advantage at the global level using constant market share and global value chain analysis. Constant market share analysis is used to measure a country’s trade contribution by comparing a country’s export growth with world export growth. Global value chain analysis is also employed to strengthen the constant market share analysis by looking at the role of green transformation in boosting the Indonesian competitiveness in the global supply chain. To achieve the objective of this study, data was collected from secondary sources such as the United Nations Comtrade Database and Asian Development Bank multi-regional input-output (ADB MRIO) for the period of 2000-2018. Constant market share analysis shows that dirty manufactured products from Indonesia can no longer be relied on to compete in the US and European markets due to the increasingly stringent environmental standards and regulations in those countries. Meanwhile, global value chain analysis finds that the clean manufacturing industry has higher competitiveness than the gross manufacturing industry at the global market level. For this reason, this study concludes that the future of Indonesia's manufacturing industry to compete at the global level is in the hand of the clean manufacturing industry.Keywords: green transformation; competitiveness; environmental regulation; constant market share analysis; global value chain analysisJEL Classification: F14, F18, Q56

The objective of the presented study is to analyse the international competitiveness of the European forest industry sector and that of Switzerland in particular using constant market share (CMS) analysis. The analysis is conducted based on bilateral trade data in monetary terms for the years 2000 to 2005. Timber commodities are grouped into two sectors (the wood sector and the paper sector) as well as into three processing levels (raw wood, semi-finished and finished products). CMS analysis is conducted on two aggregation levels: the forest industry sector on the whole and the forest products sector as part of the semi-finished products sector. The analyses of both aggregation levels show similar results. Most of the traditionally industrialized countries show only low export growth rates. Countries with fast growing economies in general, in particular those from South East Asia and most of the Eastern European countries show high growth rates as well as high positive competitiveness effects. A positive relationship can be identified between a country's timber export growth rate and its competitiveness effect. Within Europe, Eastern European countries are gaining competitive advantage over Middle and Western European countries. CMS analysis indicates low international competitiveness for the Swiss forest industry sector, whereas Austrian and German forestry industry sectors are characterized by higher values of international competitiveness.

Competition in getting jobs among Malaysians is increasingly fierce. Many people have examined this issue from different perspectives. Every year many students graduate from public or private institutions of higher learning. In 2016 alone, approximately 3 million students in Malaysia graduated with a bachelor’s degree. This research applies constant market share (CMS) analysis to identify the competitiveness between 11 states in the employment market in Peninsular Malaysia. CMS analysis is commonly used in the applied studies of export development. This research also analyses the changes in total job opportunities in Malaysia. The information obtained using CMS analysis may help job seekers and fresh graduates to identify which states offer the highest number of job opportunities and higher chances of getting jobs. This study consists of three data sets of years, which were from 2000 to 2001, 2008 to 2009 and 2014 to 2015. The results show that Kedah, Perak and Selangor have the highest number of job opportunities during 2000–2001, 2008–2009 and 2014–2015, respectively.

Rice exports are assumed to be one of the engines of economic growth of both Vietnam and China in recent years. The present study aimed to compare the rice export performance of Vietnam and China and assesses to what extent it reflects their international competitiveness in the selected target markets over 2000-2014 period. The Constant Market Share model was applied to identify the main decompositions affecting the changes of its export growth. The results of decomposition analysis underlined that the structural effect and growth effect have been more significant in affecting the export growth of these two parties; and their export orientation to target markets was remaining stable during the studied periods. In which, China rice exports have been suffered a highly intense competitiveness from Vietnam exports in Philippine, Singapore, Africa and Middle East market. Further, the competitiveness index indicated that China export growth (to the target markets) was stronger than that of Vietnam in the first sub-period (2000-2008), but the case had changed in the second sub-period (2008-2014). Specifically, China rice export volume to Vietnam was stronger than that of Vietnam to China.

The present study analyses the performance of fisheries exports of India using revealed comparative advantage (RCA), revealed symmetric comparative advantage (RSCA) and the constant market share (CMS) analysis for the period 1980–2016. Indian exports of fisheries have shown a positive trend of comparative advantage in all the markets under consideration revealed by RCA and RSCA. However, CMS results show that for most of the markets, competitiveness had been the utmost crucial driving factor of change in the market shares of Indian fish exports over the study period.

East African Community (EAC) exports are steadily growing. This performance of exports could be attributed to improving competitiveness despite fluctuating world trade, but also to the market focus of exporters and/or the composition of the exported commodities. This chapter focuses on competitiveness of EAC's exports using Constant Market Share analysis (CMS) to decompose EAC export growth by product category (SITC single digit level). Data is from UN Comtrade database for two periods: Period I (2009–2013) and Period II (2014–2018). The analysis focuses on disentangling the world trade effect, the commodity composition effect and the competitiveness effect. The reference group for this analysis was the world market. Findings of the study are that the world trade, commodity composition and competitiveness effects were all positively associated with increased export growth in EAC from Period I to Period II. Export growth of Standard International Trade Classification single digit-level commodities in EAC was attributed to increased demand for such products in the world market, and the commodities exported had a faster growing demand. Furthermore, there was increased competitiveness for EAC's products directed towards the selected group of reference countries.

The present study attempts to explain the export performance of Indian Bovine meat trade and its competitiveness in International market for the period of 20 years from 1996-2014. Performance was studied using growth of exports, market shares, export shares, and source of growth was analysed by using two stage CMS analysis to decompose the growth of Indian Bovine meat exports into broad components and its sub components. It was found that overall Indian bovine meat exports registered growth rate of 13.03%, 7.94% and 22.01% in terms of quantity, price and exports value respectively. The share of India in world Bovine meat exports fluctuated and remained less than 10% for most of the years. India's bovine meat exports increased rapidly to other countries with highest overall growth of 34% while the growth of major traditional importers remained at 6.56%. The results showed that while India's market share in other countries increased, share in importing countries decreased during the study period. The results of decomposition analysis revealed that competitive effect was more significant in explaining the growth of exports. CMS analysis revealed that Bovine meat exports were more competitive in new markets in contrast to major traditional export destinations and requires emphasis. Dual strategy of penetrating in to new markets while concentrating on existing markets by increasing competitiveness will make India as major player in the world Bovine meat trade.

Malaysia, one of the global major fish producers, has highly traded fisheries products given its many water bodies. Nonetheless, it faces a serious fish trade deficit, implying that the Malaysian fisheries sector might lose its competitiveness in the global market. This paper adopts a modified constant market share (CMS) analysis, which incorporates a net-share approach index and geometric framework, to measure the export competitiveness of the Malaysian fisheries sector. The findings reveal that half of the fisheries products exhibit optimistic export competitiveness. Malaysia reflects the strongest competitiveness in exporting frozen fish and the least competitiveness in the export of crustaceans. Additional effort and attention on those less competitive groups of aquatic invertebrates, live fish and crustaceans are required to improve the export performance. Application of the modified approach is highly proposed as it is not only a simple measurement that gives relatively more accurate results but also succeeds to overcome inconsistency in the traditional approach. The findings provide evidence of unrealised fish export potential regarding product categories, which helps policymakers, traders and marketers to develop their long-term strategic plans and enhance the export competitiveness of the fisheries sector in Malaysia.

This paper aims to investigate how competitiveness and structural factors have impacted on the dynamic of market shares in eight major world economies - China, France, Japan, Italy, Netherlands, The United Kingdom, The United States - over the period 1998-2007. To this end we apply the «constant market share» analysis by decomposing the growth in the exports of manufacturing sectors into five separate components according to the formulation suggested by Fagerberg and Sollie (Fagerberg and Sollie, 1987). In the empirical analysis we also use a sector breakdown following Pavitt's (1984) taxonomy, in order to highlight the relationship between innovation activities and export performance. Our main findings suggest that although Italian market shares have decreased both in the traditional sectors and specialized suppliers, the foreign trade structure is still strongly linked to these industries.

The previous chapter describes shifts in exports, capital flows and stocks of international debt and significant changes in the world economy. It shows that factors of origin and destination seem to matter and that patterns of trade and finance are clearly biased. A next question is how to distinguish the relevant policy aspects, i.e. the aspects that policy-makers may be able to influence as opposed to aspects that are beyond their control. A suitable method to study this question is constant market share (CMS) analysis. This method has proven useful for the analysis of exports, but is new in the analysis of financial variables.KeywordsCapital FlowCompetition EffectCapital InflowComposition EffectMarket EffectThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Dimensions of Changing Directions of Trade: A System Dynamics Framework

Purpose - This study examines the Indian agribusiness competitiveness and market share analysis of Indian gribusiness products in the market of The Gulf Cooperation Council countries – United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman and Qatar. Design/methodology/approach - The data is investigated using constant market share analysis introduced by tysznskin and Richardson. The data period is taken from 2011 and 2021. The Commodity Composition Effect (CCE), World Demand Effect (WDE), Market Demand Effect (MDE), and Residual Competitiveness Effect (RCE) are the four effects that make up the Constant Market Share Analysis (CMSA) model, which is used to analyze structural changes in international trade. Findings - The study found that World Demand Effect (WDE) is positive and very high so WDE is the main reason for potential growth in exports of these Agri related products to gulf cooperation. Commodity composition effect and market distribution effect is negative .so cce and mde contribution in growth is less. Residual competitiveness effect is positive and high. so it contributes to the growth. COMPETITIVENESS of a products is measure by using World Demand Effect (MDE),Market Distribution Effect (MDE), Commodities Composition Effect(CCE)and residual effect (competitiveness effect). In this paper agribusiness is focused. the data is taken from the site i.e. OEC observatory of economic complexity. Data is secondary in nature. Competitiveness of products is analysed. The product categories are vegetables, foodstuff, animal product and animal and vegetables biproducts. Market share of Qatar, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia was increased. UAE, Oman, and Kuwait market share were decreased during this period. World percent share increases by 1.28%. VEGETABLES PRODUCTS: - MDE is negative in nature. FOODSTUFFS: -WDE and competitiveness effect is positive in nature. ANIMAL PRODUCT: - CCE is negative. ANIMAL AND VEGETABLES BI-PRODUCTS: -MDE is negative in nature. In the highly competitive global marketplace, India has emerged as a major player in agricultural exports. The economic significance of the country's agricultural sector cannot be overstated, as it contributes significantly to the nation's GDP and plays a important role in providing livelihoods to a large portion of the population. This paper aims to examine competitiveness in Indian agriculture, this review seeks to uncover the key strengths and weaknesses of the sector, while also identifying potential opportunities and threats. Factors such as government policies, technological advancements, infrastructure development, market access, and global demand for agricultural produce will be explored in detail. Practical implications -The results finds that Agricultural product is one of the major export products to gulf corporation. In this study the four categories of product are vegetables products, foodstuffs, animal products, animal and vegetable Bi- products. The value of these products in 2011 was $ 31.42 billion and in 2021 was $ 48.39 billion. share of India’s exports in world exports (%). In 2011 vegetables products (3.35), foodstuffs (1.51), animal products (1.86), animal and vegetable Bi- products (1.17).In 2021 vegetables products(3.73), Foodstuffs (1.64), animal products (2.49) and animal and vegetable Bi- products (1.30). Originality/value -The uniqueness of this paper lies in its focus countries that is GULF CORPORATION and INDIA, A Constant Market Share Analysis is used to analyse the competitiveness of Indian agribusiness.

The paper aims to elucidate the evolution of competitiveness and quantifies the contribution of the geographical and commodity composition on Indonesian manufacturing exports classified by factor intensity for period of 1987 to 2008. Using constant market share (CMS) analysis and Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) indicators, we reveal that while mostly enjoying benefits from world export growth, Indonesia exports performance were deteriorated by the negative contribution of commodity composition and market distribution, and the role of competitiveness in manufacturing export performance, which was improved significantly right after trade liberalization policy unleashed in 1986 has been diminishing in recent years. In addition, most of Indonesian manufacturing exports were still concentrated in natural resource- and unskilled labor-intensive manufacturing commodities.

This study focuses on the export performance of the 2004 European Union (EU) enlargement economies to the EU15 between 1990 and 2013. The long time span analysed allows to capture different stages in the relationship of these new members with the EU before and after accession. The study is based on the constant market share methodology of decomposing an ex-post country’s export performance into different effects. Two constant market share analyses were selected in order to disentangle (i) the growth rate of exports and (ii) the growth rate of exports relatively to the world. Both approaches are applied to manufactured products grouping products in different classifications of sectors. Results provide information on export performance for the ten economies individually considered, including the importance of each EU15 destination market.

This study aims to analyze the performance of Indonesian exports to export destination countries in the international market. The subjects of this study are two Indonesian palm oil commodities: crude palm oil or CPO and processed palm oil or OPO (Other Palm Oil). There are four Indonesian palm oil markets in the international market, namely the Asian market, the European market, the African market, the American market, and the Australian market. The data used in this study is a time series from 1991 to 2016 and analyzed using the CMS (Constant Market Share) method. The CMS method explains the export growth performance in several components, which are the standard growth effect, the effect of product composition, the effect of market distribution, and the effect of competitiveness. The results showed that the performance of Indonesian CPO exports in the period 1991-2016 tended to decline compared to the growth of exports of all world products. Indonesian CPO is more competitive in the Asian market than the European market. The dynamics of Indonesian CPO exports in the African, American and Australian markets are quite good, but these three markets have not become the main destinations for Indonesian CPO exports. Indonesia's OPO export performance in the 1991-2016 period tended to increase compared to the growth in exports of all world products. Indonesian OPO in the Asian and African markets is more competitive than the European market. The dynamics of Indonesia's OPO exports on the American market and the Australian market are quite good, but these two markets have not become the main destinations for Indonesia's OPO market. Thus, Indonesia can maximize the performance of OPO exports when there is a rejection of Indonesian OPO in the international market. Keywords: CPO, constant market share (CMS), export, palm oil, performance