Abstract
Various empirical tests performed on human participants and also by means of search engines on the Web reveal that, whenever the conceptual combination The Animal Acts is considered as a combination of the individual concepts Animal and Acts, the ‘Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt’ version of Bell’s inequalities (‘CHSH inequality’) is violated. We work out in this paper a quantum representation in Hilbert space for a dataset collected on the same combination of concepts using ‘Google Images’ as search engine, which ‘significantly violated’ the CHSH inequality. This result proves the existence of non-classical structures in visual perception and strongly indicates the presence of ‘quantum entanglement’ as an explanation for the meaning connection between the component concepts, also when this meaning connection is expressed through images.
Highlights
Ing one of its versions, the Clauser–Horne–Shimony–Holt (CHSH) inequality (Clauser et al 1969). These non-classical correlations are nowadays widely exploited in quantum technologies, which use the peculiarities of entangled states, and entangled measurements, to encrypt data, process quantum information, simulate quantum computation tasks, teleport unknown quantum states, etc
We further extend our research on entanglement in the combination of meaning entities, elaborating a quantum representation in Hilbert space for the empirical data collected by one of us in a test on visual perception where the probabilistic data on The Animal Acts to be inserted into the CHSH inequality are obtained by counting the images retrieved using ‘Google Images’ as search engine (Aerts Arguëlles 2018)
The result obtained in this paper provides further theoretical and empirical support to the assumption that ‘quantum entanglement captures both conceptually and mathematically the meaning connection existing between conceptual entities whenever these combine’
Summary
Among the quantum effects recently identified within the quantum cognition research program (Aerts 2009; Aerts et al 2013a, b, 2018; Busemeyer and Bruza 2012; Dalla Chiara et al 2015a, b; Khrennikov 2010; Melucci 2015), quantum entanglement is certainly one of the most important and intriguing ones, with the additional advantage that its quantum fingerprint can directly be tested experimentally (Aerts and Sozzo 2011; Bruza et al 2009, 2015; Gronchi and Strambini 2017; Beltran and Geriente 2019). We found that the empirical probabilities violated the CHSH inequality by a numerical value of 2.4197, which is close to the CHSH violation found in Bell tests on quantum particles (Aerts and Sozzo 2011) This investigation showed that individual conceptual entities, like Animal and Acts, exhibit a meaning connection, whenever they combine to form the bipartite conceptual. We further extend our research on entanglement in the combination of meaning entities, elaborating a quantum representation in Hilbert space for the empirical data collected by one of us in a test on visual perception where the probabilistic data on The Animal Acts to be inserted into the CHSH inequality are obtained by counting the images retrieved using ‘Google Images’ as search engine (Aerts Arguëlles 2018). This research fits a general unifying and explanatory perspective on the phenomenon of entanglement in bipartite systems, as it manifests in microand macrophysical systems, as well as in human cognition, we have recently developed (Aerts et al 2019b)
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