How excess dietary saturated fats induce insulin resistance

Abstract

Excess dietary saturated fatty acids can increase the risk of and progression of type 2 diabetes. We will explore the mechanisms by which excess saturated fatty acids can reduce insulin sensitivity, suppress insulin production of beta cells through glucolipotoxicity, raise blood glucose, and lessen energy production in cells. Higher dietary saturated fatty acids, especially palmitic acid, can reduce the number of insulin receptors to approximately one-half of their normal number. This contributes to hyperinsulinemia, elevated blood glucose, and reduced mitochondrial energy production. Higher dietary saturated fatty acids also interfere with the signaling between the insulin receptor and the glucose transporter. This reduces the amount of glucose that can enter the cell and increases the risk of elevated blood glucose. Excess dietary saturated fatty acids have been found to suppress insulin production of beta cells and also to stimulate apoptosis of beta cells. Higher dietary saturated fatty acids can reduce the ability of the cells to produce glycogen from glucose, thus lowering energy storage. Finally, higher dietary saturated fatty acids can reduce mitochondrial energy production. Conclusion: Reducing dietary saturated fatty acids may help clear blood of excess glucose in type 2 diabetes.