How effective are electronic cigarettes for reducing respiratory and cardiovascular risk in smokers? A systematic review

Maciej L Goniewicz,Dongmei Li,Connor R Miller,Edward Sutanto

doi:10.1186/s12954-020-00440-w

Maciej L Goniewicz, Dongmei Li + Show 2 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.1186/s12954-020-00440-w

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Abstract

BackgroundElectronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely promoted as harm-reduction products for smokers, and smokers commonly perceive them as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. One of the key questions regarding public health consequences of e-cigarettes is the magnitude of harm reduction achievable by smokers who switch from combustible cigarettes to e-cigarettes. We conducted a systematic literature review of epidemiological studies that estimated odds of respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes among former smokers who use e-cigarettes compared to current smokers.MethodsThis systematic review was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement. We searched the PubMed and Embase databases in September 2020 to identify epidemiological studies that compared odds of cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes among former smokers who transitioned to e-cigarettes relative to odds among current smokers not using e-cigarettes (current exclusive smokers). We included studies that provided direct estimates of relevant odds ratios (ORs). We also included studies where indirect estimates of relevant ORs could be calculated based on published results. Two reviewers independently extracted data and conducted quality appraisals.ResultsSix population-based studies with sample sizes ranging from 19,475 to 161,529 respondents met review inclusion criteria, five of which were cross-sectional and one longitudinal. Three studies reported respiratory outcomes and three reported cardiovascular outcomes. ORs of respiratory outcomes (including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic bronchitis, emphysema, asthma, and wheezing) in former smokers who transitioned to e-cigarettes versus current exclusive smokers were below 1.0, ranging from 0.58 (95%CI 0.36–0.94) to 0.66 (95%CI 0.50–0.87; all p < 0.05). All ORs for cardiovascular outcomes (including stroke, myocardial infarction, and coronary heart disease) did not differ significantly from 1.0.ConclusionThough our review included a small number of studies, it provided consistent results. Former smokers who transitioned to e-cigarettes showed ~ 40% lower odds of respiratory outcomes compared to current exclusive smokers. Switching from smoking to e-cigarette does not appear to significantly lower odds of cardiovascular outcomes. Since the utility of cross-sectional studies for causal inference remains limited, both randomized controlled trials and prospective cohort studies are needed to better evaluate contributions of e-cigarettes as harm reduction tools for smokers.

Highlights

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely promoted as harm-reduction products for smokers, and smokers commonly perceive them as less harmful than combustible cigarettes
While laboratory studies provide important insights into relative toxicity of e-cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes, human studies provide further evidence of how the reduced toxicity of e-cigarettes correlates with a potential reduction of health risk among smokers who transitioned from smoking to vaping
Summary of study search and selection results Of 4277 unique publications identified through the database search, 57 were classified as potentially eligible for inclusion in the systematic review based on their titles

Summary

Introduction

Electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) are widely promoted as harm-reduction products for smokers, and smokers commonly perceive them as less harmful than combustible cigarettes. Since some youth have taken up vaping [7–9], it is important to evaluate potential absolute health risk associated with vaping among e-cigarette users who have never smoked tobacco cigarettes. Since the vast majority of adult e-cigarette users are former smokers [10–13], it is important to consider e-cigarette use in the context of smoking (i.e., relative harm) [14, 15]. While laboratory studies provide important insights into relative toxicity of e-cigarettes compared to combustible cigarettes, human studies provide further evidence of how the reduced toxicity of e-cigarettes correlates with a potential reduction of health risk among smokers who transitioned from smoking to vaping. Crosssectional and longitudinal studies have shown that exposure to selected toxicants in exclusive e-cigarette users is substantially lower as compared to exclusive cigarette smokers [27–30], those studies are not suited to directly evaluate potential reduction in health risk among smokers who transitioned to e-cigarettes

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