Abstract
Since the early 2000s, accessibility-based planning has been increasingly used to mitigate urban problems (e.g., traffic congestion and spatial mismatch) from a sustainable perspective. In particular, the concept of accessibility has been applied to investigate transport exclusion in many studies. However, few of them shed light on the effects of socio-demographics (e.g., income and gender) and the built environment (e.g., density) on accessibility at the individual level as a measure of transport exclusion. This study measures individual accessibility as the opportunities available per square mile within individual daily activity space for evaluating transport exclusion status based on the Capability Approach. Using data from the 2012 Northeast Ohio Regional Travel Survey and two opportunity sets (land uses and jobs), we calculate individual accessibility and compare them across three income groups. The comparisons report that low-income people are not disadvantaged in our study region. Path models are estimated to examine the relationships between socio-demographics, built environment, trip characteristics, and individual accessibility. We apply K-means cluster analysis to construct seven neighborhood types for the built environment. The results indicate that the effect of income on accessibility varies by opportunity types and living in urbanized neighborhoods increases people’s accessibility after controlling for other characteristics.
Highlights
In the past two decades, accessibility-based planning has been popularly applied to contribute to the integration of transportation and land-use planning for improving urban sustainability (Bertolini, le Clercq, and Kapoen 2005)
Based on the Capability Approach developed by Sen (1980), which states that unfair outcomes are caused from lack of accessibility to various resources, our study focus is on the research questions of whether certain social groups lack accessibility to different opportunities and how both sociodemographics and the built environment affect individual accessibility for transport exclusion analysis
Our research develops individual accessibility based on daily activity space as a transport exclusion indicator
Summary
In the past two decades, accessibility-based planning has been popularly applied to contribute to the integration of transportation and land-use planning for improving urban sustainability (Bertolini, le Clercq, and Kapoen 2005). It is generally recognized that among the three dimensions of sustainable transportation (efficiency, environment, and social equity), the social dimension has not attracted as much attention as the other two (Gilbert et al 2002; Litman and Brenman 2012). This is in part because there are several types of social equity to consider, numerous impacts and ways of measuring those impacts, and various ways that people can be grouped for equity analysis Based on the Capability Approach developed by Sen (1980), which states that unfair outcomes are caused from lack of accessibility to various resources, our study focus is on the research questions of whether certain social groups lack accessibility to different opportunities and how both sociodemographics and the built environment affect individual accessibility for transport exclusion analysis
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