Abstract
Background: In order for coaches and sport psychologist help athletes to improve their athletic identity, they need to be aware of athletes’ athletic identity with different sporting background. Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine different levels of athletic identity among different types of sports and also more specifically, between team and individual sports. Methodology: A sample of 107 athletes (57 women and 50 men) who were members of national teams in taekwondo, karate, wushu, basketball, volleyball, and canoe polo were selected. Athletic identity questionnaire was used. To identify athletic identity and its four sub categories differences among six groups and also between team and individual sports One way Manova and independent T-test were used respectively. Results: The findings showed that different sports influence athletic identity. F (2,350) = 5.41, p < 0.005. The highest athletic identity was observed within taekwondo athletes. The second and third highest were in karate and wushu athletes, followed by basketball, volleyball, and canoe polo. Canoe polo was the only team that had significant differences in total athletic identity, and three sub categories: self-identity, social identity, and exclusively compared to other sports. While karate athletes had the highest exclusively, taekwondo athletes had the highest score on self-identity, social identity, and negative affectivity. There was no significant difference on negative affectivity among all six groups, indicating that facing up to a fail or physical injury is very difficult for all athletes. Conclusion: The findings suggest coaches and sport psychologists should take these different identity levels and the reasons causing them into account when they work with different athletes within different sports. Keywords: Athletic identity (AI (, self-identity, social identity, negative affectively, exclusively
Highlights
Athletic identity (AI) is identifiable characteristic of an individual's self-concept and is the degree to which an individual identifies with athletic role (Brewer, Raalte, & Linder, 1993; Martin, Fogarty, & Albion, 2014)
This study aim to explore the athletic identity with its four sub categorize among different sports and between team and individual sports .The hypotheses associated with this purpose are Firstly, it was hypothesized that different types of sports influence athletic identity so that athletes within each sport has different levels of identity
AI established by measuring Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) (Brewer et al, 1993).The AI questionnaire comprises of 10 questions associated with 7-point likert scale that range from 1 to 7.Scores range from 10 to 70
Summary
Athletic identity (AI) is identifiable characteristic of an individual's self-concept and is the degree to which an individual identifies with athletic role (Brewer, Raalte, & Linder, 1993; Martin, Fogarty, & Albion, 2014). The initial factor analyses by Brewer, Shelby, Linder & Petitpas (1999) and Martin, Fogarty, & Albion (2014) support the concept that AIMS (Athletic Identity Measurement Scale) has more than one dimension and it corroborates research done earlier. They established three independent factors (i.e., social identity, exclusivity, and negative affectivity) and a fourth factor (i.e., self-identity) for consideration. Individual sports have higher rating of the sport value and public demands when compared to a team sport It might influence the thoughts and feelings of athletes and lead to a strong s self-perception as an athlete (Chen et al, 2010). Was hypothesized that athletes within team sports have lower identity than individual sports
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