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Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) is rapidly evolving from “rapid prototyping” to “industrial production”. AM enables the fabrication of bespoke components with complicated geometries in the high-performance areas of aerospace, defence and biomedicine. Providing AM parts with a tagging feature that allows them to be identified like a fingerprint can be crucial for logistics, certification and anti-counterfeiting purposes. Whereas the implementation of an overarching strategy for the complete traceability of AM components downstream from designer to end user is, by nature, a cross-disciplinary task that involves legal, digital and technological issues, materials engineers are on the front line of research to understand what kind of tag is preferred for each kind of object and how existing materials and 3D printing hardware should be synergistically modified to create such tag. This review provides a critical analysis of the main requirements and properties of tagging features for authentication and identification of AM parts, of the strategies that have been put in place so far, and of the future challenges that are emerging to make these systems efficient and suitable for digitalisation. It is envisaged that this literature survey will help scientists and developers answer the challenging question: “How can we embed a tagging feature in an AM part?”.
Highlights
Additive manufacturing (AM), known as 3D printing, is a very fast-growing field of research [1]
Introduction of detectors: a mechatronic component (for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) chip) that is integrated within the printed part or placed on its surface; whereas standard radio frequency (RF) tags have no identification capability, RFID tags transmit a signal that carries a code to identify it from a multitude of other tags;
Different AM techniques rely upon different functional principles, and this calls for the development of dedicated tagging methodologies
Summary
Additive manufacturing (AM), known as 3D printing, is a very fast-growing field of research [1]. In the future, prompted by the digitalisation of traceability information, tagging features are expected to become the link between physical and cyber worlds, and this calls for a deeper understanding of the printed object–tag–virtual twin integration. This point is often blurred in the available literature on AM parts, a basic distinction should be drawn between “authentication” and “identification”. Identifying markers can be used in several different ways such as to distinguish one brand from another (e.g., a trademarked company logo), to identify product ranges within a brand or to specify each individual manufactured product (e.g., a serial number), and they can even imply authentication. All of these, when analysed, serve to both identify and authenticate each individual vehicle
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