How Can Phenotypic Evolution be Characterized Over Time and Through Environmental Changes?

Abstract

Rapid phenotypic evolution is observed in response to rapid environmental changes. These phenotypic variations can occur at different scales, from the population to the community. We intended to characterize these multiscale phenotypic responses in rodents from the archaeological site El Harhoura 2 (Rabat, Morocco), dated from the Late Pleistocene to the Holocene, and relate them to paleoenvironmental variations. Upper and lower first molars were used as proxies for phenotype. Their shape was quantified using a landmark-free method. To account for both intra- and interspecific variations, we used morpho-groups as phenotypic units. Those morpho-groups were identified using unsupervised clustering. Three shape indicators were computed: number of morpho-groups, morpho-group disparity and changes in morpho-group mean shape over time. To evaluate this little-used approach on small mammals, we compared it to three widely used biodiversity indices: number of taxa, Shannon index, and Simpson index. Phenotypic evolution between and within species was highlighted. Morpho-groups seemed to be phenotypic response units representing ecological groups that transversed species. Variations in the morpho-group mean shapes were partly related to paleoenvironmental changes; however, variations in disparity were not. Thus, environmental changes deduced from fossil microvertebrate communities did not seem to be the main determinants of the characterized phenotypic variations.