Abstract
As long as vehicles do not provide full automation, the design and function of the Human Machine Interface (HMI) is crucial for ensuring that the human “driver” and the vehicle-based automated systems collaborate in a safe manner. When the driver is decoupled from active control, the design of the HMI becomes even more critical. Without mutual understanding, the two agents (human and vehicle) will fail to accurately comprehend each other’s intentions and actions. This paper proposes a set of design principles for in-vehicle HMI and reviews some current HMI designs in the light of those principles. We argue that in many respects, the current designs fall short of best practice and have the potential to confuse the driver. This can lead to a mismatch between the operation of the automation in the light of the current external situation and the driver’s awareness of how well the automation is currently handling that situation. A model to illustrate how the various principles are interrelated is proposed. Finally, recommendations are made on how, building on each principle, HMI design solutions can be adopted to address these challenges.
Highlights
There is a huge push of automated driving functionality, with many manufacturers indicating their intention to bring highly automated cars to the market in the near future
The vehicle and human can be seen as a joint cognitive system, with both elements required to collaborate to deliver safe and comfortable driving
The main communication means between vehicle and human in that collaboration is the human machine interface (HMI)
Summary
There is a huge push of automated driving functionality, with many manufacturers indicating their intention to bring highly automated cars to the market in the near future. If that collaboration works as intended, the human driver can surrender some, most or all driving control to the vehicle, and the vehicle can require human takeover in the event of failure or system With these automated functions, the vehicle and human can be seen as a joint cognitive system, with both elements required to collaborate to deliver safe and comfortable driving. We can establish goals for the HMI that are needed to achieve this transparency, along the lines of the “ten challenges” of Klein et al (2004) Their ten challenges were based on four principles for the proper operation of a joint human-agent activity: there should be an agreement that the actors will work together; the actors must be mutually predictable in their actions; they must be mutually directable; and they must maintain common ground. It does not provide a conclusive a set of overriding principles for HMI in this particular context or make recommendations on appropriate, or for that matter inappropriate, designs
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