Abstract
An inverted population of energetic minority ions, such as neonatal fusion alphas, can support a negative-energy Bernstein wave (whose frequency is a harmonic of their gyrofrequency). As a result of the magnetic-field nonuniformity and the population inversion, the wave crosses the gyroresonance layer and its energy flips sign. This results in energy transfer to a gyroballistic mode (which exists only in the resonance layer), with a conversion coefficient exactly equal to 2.
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