Housing Supply and Regulation: A Study of the Rental Housing Market

The paper deals with modern trends in the design and construction of rental housing. It gives examples of social rental housing in Europe and the United States of America which are of architectural and aesthetic interest. Urban, architectural, planning, design and stylistic techniques for building and designing social rental housing abroad have been studied in the paper. Functional structure of rental housing infl uencing the level of comfort has been analyzed from the point of view of social and economic relations in society. The research demonstrates options for implementing energy and resource-saving technologies, equipment and materials in the construction of social rental housing as part of the concept of sustainable urban development. It comes to a conclusion that there is currently a change of foreign architectural practices from typical design to individual design, including social housing.

Public housing refers to housing that is built, purchased, or leased and supplied by a public housing business entity under the Special Act on Public Housing with financial support from the State or local governments or the Housing and Urban Fund. Public housing can be broadly divided into public rental housing and public sale housing. Public rental housing is divided into eight types: permanent rental housing, national rental housing, happy housing, and etc.. In addition, so-called public-private self-owned housing was introduced in 2021. Korea's public rental housing system has changed according to the policy regimes of governments on public rental housing, and with these changes, new types of public rental housing have been introduced and the supply of certain types of public rental housing has increased or decreased. And there were also changes in the name and legal basis of public rental housing. The integrated public rental housing type was introduced in 2020 to unify the various types of public rental housing and simplify the occupancy qualifications. Follow-up measures are needed for the establishment of the integrated public rental housing type. Meanwhile, there are doubts about the effectiveness of so-called public-private self-owned housing, such as accumulated equity housing unit for sale and profit-sharing housing unit for sale, introduced in 2021. And until now, public housing was supplied by the State and LH Corporation, but now there is an opinion that the social housing supplied by local governments and social economy entities should be revitalized. However, due to the nature of social housing, social economy entities will experience financial difficulties just like LH Corporation, and these difficulties will eventually be resolved only with the support of the State or local governments. However, such support for social economic entities would be a burden to the State or local governments, and therefore, social consensus on such support should be preceded. In addition, social conflicts are occurring due to the supply of public housing, and social mix policies are being attempted to solve this problem, but another type of social conflict is occurring as a result. Ultimately, social conflicts caused by public housing can only be resolved when there is a social consensus on the overall public housing policy.

CONTENTS I. Introduction II. Recent Developments III. The Takings Clause A. Fifth Amendment 1. Background Principles 2. Fractional Property B. Possessory Takings 1. General Rule 2. Rent Control C. Regulatory Takings 1. Economic Impact 2. Substantially Advancing Prong D. Unconstitutional Conditions 1. Discretionary Benefits and Relinquished Rights 2. Exactions 3. Individual Adjudicative Discretionary Actions E. Temporary vs Permanent Takings 1. Doctrinal Origins 2. Regulatory Delay IV. Due Process Clause A. The Theory of 1. Modern Standard for Confiscation 2. Particular Problems in Confiscation B. Preference for Takings Analysis V. Conclusion I. INTRODUCTION Housing is one of the necessities of life. (1) It also comprises a large share of most Americans' disposable income. Unlike other consumables, competition in supply and demand does not result in effective market restrictions on price. First, there is a limited supply of housing. The limit is both natural (there is a finite amount of land) and artificial (zoning restrictions limit housing supply). Second, consumers of rental housing do not have the same market power as do consumers of other goods. This is principally because substituting one product or brand for another, say at lease renewal time, exacts a high transaction cost--the considerable expense and inconvenience of relocating. Since rental housing is not fungible, each landlord is a demi-monopolist. (2) This is not meant as a pejorative, only to describe the owner's market power. The absence of a free market in rental housing (at least in an idealized sense) often leads to exploitation by housing providers. This is especially true in times of economic stress, when the nation's resources are devoted to more pressing needs (e.g., wartime), or during periods of high inflation and real estate speculation. It is during these times that government policy makers often consider restrictions on rent increases and other forms of tenant protection. (3) Of course, there are other means to overcome market inefficiencies in housing. Tax and cash subsidies can encourage housing production or assist with rent payments. Zoning incentives can do likewise. But federal and state governments are not as concerned with housing as they once were; the issue is currently perceived as one of local concern. As a result, municipalities are left holding the bag, so to speak, with a dwindling arsenal of regulatory means available to them in addressing housing shortages. Rent control is one of those still-remaining means. Rent controls were first enacted in the United States during World War I. Since then, the Supreme Court has considered the constitutionality of rent control at least a dozen times, upholding the challenged law on every occasion save one. (4) It is somewhat remarkable that even during periods of extraordinary judicial protection of property rights, rent control laws have nonetheless survived. This was true in the Lochner era, (5) as well as during the modern resurgence of property rights activism, at least at the Supreme Court. Despite long-standing judicial acceptance of rent regulation, the attack on rent control has been unrelenting. For some reason, rent control triggers greater emotional and ideological opposition than do most other forms of economic regulation. Virtually every constitutional theory has been tried. Most challenges are based on the takings and due process clauses, but the contracts clause (6) and even the first (7) and thirteenth amendments (8) and equal protection (9) have made their way into the opinions. Creative statutory claims have also been mounted, such as the argument that rent control is an illegal form of price fixing. …

Housing environments and asthma outcomes within population-based samples of adults and children in NYC

Summary. One mechanism for addressing the housing problems of the population in the coming years could be the construction of rental (wage) housing. Pilot projects for the construction of rental housing implemented in many regions of Russia: Samara, Krasnodar, Novosibirsk, Kaluga, Nizhny Novgorod and Kemerovo regions, the Republic of Tatarstan. Thus, rental housing projects (tenements) are currently produced in Nizhny Novgorod, with the objectives of these projects are: the solution of social problems; legalization rental business premises; profit at the expense of rent; creation of new jobs; improving the city's infrastructure. These projects are realized in a some of regions of the country, influence on the realty market thus is insufficiently considered. In article methodical maintenance for creation of the housing intended for tenancy is offered. The system of the coefficients is developed, allowing characterizing various aspects of building of rental housing in region. These coefficients are divided into 4 categories: coefficients of availability of rental housing; coefficient of competitiveness of rental housing; the coefficients characterizing scales of construction of rental housing in region; coefficient of fillability of rental housing. The expediency building of rental housing in one of most dynamically developing regions - the Voronezh region is considered. Research suggests that the construction of rental housing in the region will not only provide a good opportunity to the people solving the housing problem, but is an essential resource and improve the region's competitiveness in the struggle for human resources.

The purpose of this study is to contribute to improving the nation's housing stability and the living standards of the low-income earners by suggesting an improvement plan for the supply methodology among the public rental housing systems in Korea.Chapter 2 established the concept of public rental housing. This part of the study systematically organized a total of 31 laws and regulations composing the current public rental housing system and further examined the transition process of the system itself. In addition, this study also analyzed the inventory and annual supplies of public rental housing that are currently available on the market. On that basis, this study presented three problems that are considered to be the most important among the other problems related to the operation of various public rental housing systems that are currently problematic to suggest a methodology to solve them. These three problems are as follows: First, the existing rental housing, 'jeonse', encourages gap investment. Second, there is confusion in the legal system in which the upper and lower laws collide. Third, the legal system is too complicated and excessive with a total of 631 articles. There are three ways to solve these problems. The first way is to propose a plan to partly amend a current law of 'Special Act on Public Housing' and suggest its main contents to make it less complicated and vast. This can be done by the enactment of a special law with the provisional title 'Act on the Supply of Public Rental Housing' separately regulating the selection and operation of occupants of public rental housing. The second solution would be the revision of the particular provisions. The provisions that are currently in conflict are as follows: Article 47, Paragraph 2, Items 4 and 5 of the Enforcement Decree of the Special Act on Public Housing, and Article 25, Paragraph 8, Item 1, and Paragraph 9 of the Enforcement Rule of the Special Act on Public Housing. The last way is to propose a method to convert the leasehold rental system to the housing purchase rental system since the current system is causing problems such as encouraging gap speculation among public rental housing available now.

Today’s rising housing prices in most countries worldwide have caused increasable attention to the problem of affordable housing. It is a social or ethical issue and an essential economic direction. Thus, affordable housing has great potential, influencing economic growth, labor forces, innovation, sustainable development, and an inclusive economy. Systematization of informational sources, theoretical and practical approaches for providing affordable housing, and assessing social housing needs indicated many views on this problem among scholars and policymakers. That is why marketing, management, and financial providing of affordable housing are significant mainstreams. The research aims to investigate marketing and management fundamentals of providing affordable housing in connection with funding aspects based on cross-country analysis. For achieving this target, key trends of housing market segmentation were analyzed, considering the distribution of the population by tenure status and analytical house price indicators using the data of the statistical office of the EU, the World Bank, and the OECD. The ways to promote more affordable housing by public and local authorities, private investors in affordable housing, and specific social and affordable housing market organizations were described. Main organizational forms of providing affordable and social housing were also characterized. Particular attention was paid to strategic planning for affordable and social housing, especially housing business plans or affordable housing strategy development as a priority step in marketing, management, and financial providing affordable housing. A SWOT analysis for affordable housing developments was used to show strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats to the affordable housing market. To empirically confirm some relevant strengths, the impact of indicators of financial providing of affordable housing was formalized based on correlation analysis (calculating Pearson or Spearman correlation coefficients with time lags based on results of Shapiro-Wilk testing) and construction of Arellano–Bond linear dynamic panel-data regression model with checking the Sargan test of overidentifying restrictions (the sample from 25 EU countries for 2011–2019) using the Excel 2010 and STATA 14.2 software. The dynamic model made it possible to consider the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan or the share of tenants, rent affordable housing at a reduced price or free. The value of GDP of the previous period affects the current situation (due to introducing lag variables and using instrumental variables or the generalized method of moments (GMM) to obtain adequate estimates). The hypothesis that an increase of 1% of the share of affordable housing owners with mortgage or loan causes the rise in GDP per capita of an average of 0.44% with a two-year time lag was empirically confirmed. An increase of 1% of the share of tenants, rent-free housing or affordable housing at the reduced price, causes the decrease of GDP per capita of an average of 0.5% with a two-year time lag. It was substantiated that governments should continue and improve their policies for financing social and affordable housing. At the same time, they should prefer affordable mortgage lending programs over programs of reduced or free rental housing. The results of this research confirm the significant drivers of policies and practices devoted to affordable and social housing, such as marketing, management, and financial providing. The presented recommendations are useful for scholars interested in this scientific field of research, public and local authorities, investors in affordable housing, and specific affordable and social housing organizations.

본 논문의 목적은 대상계층을 설정하고 유형별 공공주택을 공급하는 보금자리주택을 평가해 보기 위한 것이다. 특히 수도권 보금자리지구가 지정되고 보금자리주택 공급이 발표되면서, 정책대상계층의 접근성에 대한 논의가 불거졌는데, 본 연구에서는 등장한 여러 논의 중에서 두 가지에 주목하였다. 하나는 주변시세애 비해 과도하게 낮게 책정된 분양가 혹은 임대료로 인해 청약에 당첨된 입주자에게 역시 과도한 개발이익 수혜가 돌아가는 것이 아니냐는 것이고, 다른 하나는 그렇게 낮게 책정된 분양가 혹은 임대료라고 하더라도 일부 지역의 경우 주변 시세가 워낙 높아, 저소득층이나 무주택 서민인 정책대상계층이 접근하는 것이 쉬울 것인가 하는 것이다. 두 가지 논의는 완전히 다른 것 같으면서도 다르지 않다. 상대적인 가격에서는 우위를 점하지만, 절대적인 가격에서는 여전히 낮지 않다고 보는 것이기 때문이다. 본 연구는 이 두 가지 논의에 착안하여 분석을 시도하였다. 특히 보금자리주택은 저소득층을 위한 장기공공임대주택(국민임대주택, 영구임대주택 등) 뿐 아니라 공공분양주택과 유사한 역할을 하는 10년임대주택과 분납임대주택도 존재하는 점을 감안하여 이 세 가지 유형에 대해 정책대상계층의 지불가능성이 어느 정도인지 파악하고자 하였다. 유형별, 지역별, 면적별 지불가능성의 차이를 비교해 봄으로써 기존의 논의에 대한 의문을 어느 정도 해결해 보려고 했으며, 향후 공공주택 공급 프로그램과 관련한 정책적 시사점도 도출해 보고자 하였다. The purpose of this paper is to appraise Bogeumzari Housing Program(BHP) which is providing public housing of different types for the target brackets on a matching system basis. Especially, on government's announcing BHP plan with the designation of several Bogeumzari districts in Seoul Metropolitan area, they raised a question about target groups' receiving the benefits of BHP plan and this paper focuses on the question. We tried to analyze two topics. First one is about the exorbitant windfall profits to the future potential residents derived from low price or rental cost of Bogeumzari Housing in comparison with neighborhood's market price. Second one is the low possibility of low-moderate income household's access to absolutely high price Bogeumzari Housing that is because the market price is so high in some area. BHP includes not only long-term public rental hosing(Permeant rental housing, National rental housing) for low income households but also other types of public rental housing(10-year rental housing, shared-ownership rental housing) for moderate income households. So, in this study we tried to find out the affordability of each bracket in three public housing types, which are public sales housing(condominium), 10-year rental housing and shared-ownership rental housing. Through analyzing the housing affordability by types, regions, size, we tried to seek the answer to the controversy and propose policy implications related to the future public housing programs.

Since the 1970s the prevalence and duration of housing market booms has increased in developed countries as has the busts which followed them. These developments and particularly their occurrence in a large number of countries simultaneously were key contributors to the global financial crisis of 2008. The literature on this crisis has focused primarily on the role of mortgage markets and home-ownership in driving housing booms and busts and also on the countries which have experienced the strongest busts, particularly in the English-speaking world. Despite the large number of social rented dwellings in Western Europe, the role of this sector has been largely neglected in the literature as has developments in countries unaffected by the crisis. This article aims to address these omissions by examining the interaction of social housing and the housing market in Ireland, which experienced a spectacular housing market boom in the 1990s, and bust in the 2000s and Austria which has a long tradition of housing market stability. It argues that social housing played an important but contrasting role shaping the housing market dynamics in these two countries. In Ireland social housing was pro-cyclical—it accelerated the housing market boom and intensified the bust; whereas Austrian social housing had a counter cyclical impact on the housing market and thereby helped to promote price stability. These outcomes were partially reflected in the different social housing policy regimes in use in these countries—Austria represents a ‘unitary’ and Ireland a ‘dualist’ housing regime in Kemeny’s (From public housing to the social market: rental policy strategies in comparative perspective, Routledge, London, 1995) typology. In addition, the sources of finance for social housing and the demand-side or supply-side orientation of subsidies were also important drivers of these contrasting outcomes.

We analyze the research trend of the Housing Research Review over the period of 1993 to 2021. In particular, adopting text-mining methodologies: word frequency analysis, wordcloud technique, N-gram, and Topic Modeling, we analyze titles and keywords of all the papers on the journal. Based on those analyses, we find that words that the papers on the journal most frequently used over the past 30 years are ‘housing’ and ‘research’, which are followed by ‘price’, ‘househhold’ and ‘income’. Our word proximity analsyis shows the most-related keywords; housing prices, housing markets, fluctuations, and trading volume in terms of market and price structure; housing occupancy and household changes in terms of housing demand.
 Our analysis of Latent Dirichlet Allocation reveals six categories; ‘the ownership and apartments’, ‘price and space’, ‘real estate policy and regulation’, ‘household’s decision in housing market’, ‘regional characteristics evaluation’, and ‘residency and rental housing’. The most interested topics are related to ‘price’, and we confirm that the topics of interest has been changed over the decades; from ‘development and management’ and ‘rental housing and real estate’ to ‘public housing’. In addition, our analysis confirms that housing research on Housing Studies Review is comprehensive and includes a variety of housing topics.

Minimum wages and housing rents: Theory and evidence

Contents: Introduction: housing in post-Communist Europe - issues and agendas. Comparative Perspectives on Housing Reforms: Housing reforms and market performance, Robert M. Buckley and Sasha Tsenkova Housing in South-Eastern Europe, IvA!n Tosics and JA^3zsef HegedA s Privatization and rent deregulation in Eastern Europe, Andrew Roberts The private rented sector - evidence from Budapest and Sofia, Stuart Lowe Comparative perspectives on urban housing conditions, IvA!n Tosics. The Social Housing Sector: 'Social' rental housing in the Czech Republic now and tomorrow, Martin Lux The prospects for social housing in Slovakia, Elena SzolgayovA! The impact of property restitution on housing development in East Germany, Birgit Glock and Carsten Keller Housing a 'Nation of Home Owners' - reforms in Bulgaria, Alle Elbers and Sasha Tsenkova Housing markets and empowerment of tenants in Slovenia, Srna Mandic. Housing Market Responses - Case Studies: Housing challenges and policy responses: the case of Riga, Sasha Tsenkova An emerging private rental market in Ljubljana, Richard Sendi The new housing market in Tirana, Luan Deda Housing markets and family incomes, Judit Szekely Housing policy matters: the reform path in Central and Eastern Europe, Sasha Tsenkova Bibliography Index.

The purpose of this paper is to assist policy makers in their decisions as regards housing assistance by examining which alternative (demand-side such as rent certificate and housing vouchers, supply-side subsidy such as public housing, or rent control) is more effective in enhancing rental housing affordability. The arguments on the price effects of three alternatives are empirically examined using data on 39 metropolitan areas from American Housing Survey. Multiple regression analysis is the principal means of analysis. The results of the empirical tests show that the supply-side subsidy is most important to enhance housing affordability of rental housing through decreasing the overall rent level, while demand-side subsidy does not have a significant relationship with rent level and rent control turns out not working for decreasing rent level. These findings imply that as far as affordability problem is concerned, the governments preference on the demand-side subsidy as the scheme of public housing assistance since Nixon Administration should be reexamined, and the supply-side subsidy should be reemphasized.

Housing problems in urban areas are very critical. The increased population growth in DKI Jakarta and the high migration rate from rural to urban areas cause slums. Slums are generated because many households do not have place to live and populate in unauthorized and inappropriate regions. More than 50% of households in DKI Jakarta have yet to own any housing property. In addition, the housing backlog in DKI Jakarta reached 302.319 in 2017. Therefore, housing problems in urban areas are very critical. One way to overcome this issue is to provide a public rental housing program for relocated and general residents with low income—the relocated residents' objective of moving to public rental housing, as they are the victims. The residents lost their livelihoods, the economy was challenging, and it took time to get a job. So, relocated residents in rental public housing are known to have high overdue rent. Previous research about the effectiveness of relocating to public rental accommodations rental public lodgings is minimal. Therefore, public housings create higher rent due in Jakarta. This research's objective is to compare the relocated and general residents in terms of rent overdue in DKI Jakarta public housing. This research analyzes demographic data and public housing rent overdue in 2022. The method used in this research is quantitative with Ordinary Least Square (OLS) regression. The analyzed regression shows that rental public housing status influences rent overdue, and residents with the status relocated residents are more prone to pay the rent overdue, compared to the public residents.

In the post-war period, the mass provision of social rental housing units represented the primary means for resolving housing welfare issues across much of Western Europe. In contrast to North America, large swathes of state subsidized rental housing where built and let-out at submarket rents, both to needy as well as regular working households. By the 1980s social housing accounted for as many as four in ten homes in some contexts. Since then however, these important welfare sectors have been under attack. On the one hand, privatization policies have continued to undermine the basis of social renting with home ownership and private rental sectors advanced by policy as preferable alternatives. On the other hand, social housing providers have been restructured in order to play a more residual role in the housing market and serve more targeted groups of socially vulnerable people. This paper assesses key differences in the development of West European social housing sectors as well as recent transformations in their status that represent a challenge their sustainability. It also looks to what insights this provides for the South Korean housing context where public housing has proliferated and been increasingly diversified in recent years.