Abstract
Abstract Did eighteenth-century people perceive the existence of a “social economy” functioning as a totality? If so, what forces were thought to govern it before Adam Smith's “hidden hand” became familiar? There is a strong tradition which regards Smith as the “father of political economy” or describes Ricardo as its “founder”. Prior to these classical figures, according to this view, no real science of economics existed, and all that economists were able to do was give practical advice of a moral, private-financial or technical nature.1
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