Abstract
Background Vibrio cholerae infections cluster in households. This study's objective was to quantify the relative contribution of direct, within-household exposure (for example, via contamination of household food, water, or surfaces) to endemic cholera transmission. Quantifying the relative contribution of direct exposure is important for planning effective prevention and control measures.Methodology/Principal FindingsSymptom histories and multiple blood and fecal specimens were prospectively collected from household members of hospital-ascertained cholera cases in Bangladesh from 2001–2006. We estimated the probabilities of cholera transmission through 1) direct exposure within the household and 2) contact with community-based sources of infection. The natural history of cholera infection and covariate effects on transmission were considered. Significant direct transmission (p-value<0.0001) occurred among 1414 members of 364 households. Fecal shedding of O1 El Tor Ogawa was associated with a 4.9% (95% confidence interval: 0.9%–22.8%) risk of infection among household contacts through direct exposure during an 11-day infectious period (mean length). The estimated 11-day risk of O1 El Tor Ogawa infection through exposure to community-based sources was 2.5% (0.8%–8.0%). The corresponding estimated risks for O1 El Tor Inaba and O139 infection were 3.7% (0.7%–16.6%) and 8.2% (2.1%–27.1%) through direct exposure, and 3.4% (1.7%–6.7%) and 2.0% (0.5%–7.3%) through community-based exposure. Children under 5 years-old were at elevated risk of infection. Limitations of the study may have led to an underestimation of the true risk of cholera infection. For instance, available covariate data may have incompletely characterized levels of pre-existing immunity to cholera infection. Transmission via direct exposure occurring outside of the household was not considered.ConclusionsDirect exposure contributes substantially to endemic transmission of symptomatic cholera in an urban setting. We provide the first estimate of the transmissibility of endemic cholera within prospectively-followed members of households. The role of direct transmission must be considered when planning cholera control activities.
Highlights
Cholera disproportionately affects less-developed areas of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, leading to an estimated 3–5 million cases and 100–130 thousand deaths per year [1]
Our results demonstrate that direct transmission is a significant component of endemic cholera transmission, suggesting that biomedical and behavioral-modification interventions targeting this mode of transmission could substantially reduce the cholera burden in this type of setting
Our results demonstrate that direct exposure to infectious household members plays an important role in the transmission of V. cholerae O1/O139 in a population where cholera has been historically endemic
Summary
Cholera disproportionately affects less-developed areas of Asia, Africa, and Latin America, leading to an estimated 3–5 million cases and 100–130 thousand deaths per year [1]. Direct transmission results from exposure to food, water, and surfaces shared by a cluster of individuals, such as a household, and contaminated by an infectious member of the cluster [1]. The relative contributions of community-to-person and direct exposure to endemic cholera transmission are subject to ongoing debate [2,3,4,5,6,7]. Community-to-person exposure is a well-established mode of transmission for cholera infection [8,9,10,11], whereas the relative contribution of direct exposure is poorly quantified. This study’s objective was to quantify the relative contribution of direct, within-household exposure (for example, via contamination of household food, water, or surfaces) to endemic cholera transmission. Quantifying the relative contribution of direct exposure is important for planning effective prevention and control measures
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