Household Food Consumption Patterns and Food Security among Low-Income Migrant Urban Farmers in Delhi, Jakarta, and Quito

Jessica Diehl,Kate Oviatt,Harpreet Kaur,Amanda Chandra

doi:10.3390/su11051378

Abstract

As growing populations in urban areas demand greater food supplies, the poor—particularly poor migrants—may be at higher risk for food insecurity. Evidence suggests that the urban poor who pursue agriculture in the city as a livelihood are more food secure. Thus, it could be assumed that migrants involved in urban agriculture are also in a better position to meet nutritional needs. The aim of this research was to explore household food security among migrant urban farmers using data from studies conducted in three rapidly urbanizing cities: Delhi, India; Jakarta, Indonesia; and, Quito, Ecuador. Surveys and semi-structured interviews were conducted with market-oriented small-to-medium scale farmers in each city to understand livelihood and migrant status, household food consumption patterns, and food security. In general, we found that participation in urban agriculture had a positive impact on household food security among participants through direct (self-consumption) and indirect (improved income, improved access) means. Although each case city expressed a different form of low-income migrant practice of urban agriculture, findings suggest that growing food in the city offers some protection against food insecurity through improved quantity, quality, and diversity of food options. This study is particularly relevant in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture. These factors guide development goals and priorities. Given that rural-urban migrant trends are predicted to continue, this exploratory study offers empirical evidence related to rural-urban migrants, food security, and urban agriculture.

Highlights

The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas is increasing dramatically
As growing populations in urban areas demand greater food supplies, coupled with a rise in rural to urban migration and the need to create livelihood options, there has been an increase in urban agriculture worldwide [5,6]
A Hindi-English translator facilitated interviews in Delhi while the research principal investigator (PI) in Jakarta was a native Indonesian speaker and the Quito PI spoke Spanish as a second language

Summary

Introduction

The proportion of the world’s population living in urban areas is increasing dramatically. As of 2007, more people live in urban than rural areas [1]. As growing populations in urban areas demand greater food supplies, coupled with a rise in rural to urban migration and the need to create livelihood options, there has been an increase in urban agriculture worldwide [5,6]. The rural poor who migrate to urban centers to fill the needs for low or unskilled labor often face food insecurity. There is some evidence that suggests that urban poor who pursue agriculture in the city as a livelihood are more food secure [7]. Could migrants who participate in urban agriculture be in a better position to meet nutritional needs?

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Conclusion