Abstract
In the near future, LHC experiments will continue future upgrades by overcoming the technological obsolescence of the detectors and the readout capabilities. Therefore, after the conclusion of a data collection period, CERN will have to face a long shutdown to improve overall performance, by updating the experiments, and implementing more advanced technologies and infrastructures. In particular, the largest LHC experiment, i.e., ATLAS, will upgrade parts of the detector, the trigger, and the data acquisition system. In addition, the ATLAS experiment will complete the implementation of new strategies, algorithms for data handling, and transmission to the final storage apparatus. This paper presents an overview of an upgrade planned for the second half of this decade for the ATLAS experiment. In particular, we show a study of a novel pattern recognition algorithm used in the trigger system, which is a device designed to provide the information needed to select physical events from unnecessary background data. The idea is to use a well known mathematical transform, the Hough transform, as the algorithm for the detection of particle trajectories. The effectiveness of the algorithm has already been validated in the past, regardless of particle physics applications, to recognize generic shapes within images. On the contrary, here, we first propose a software emulation tool, and a subsequent hardware implementation of the Hough transform, for particle physics applications. Until now, the Hough transform has never been implemented on electronics in particle physics experiments, and since a hardware implementation would provide benefits in terms of overall Latency, we complete the studies by comparing the simulated data with a physical system implemented on a Xilinx hardware accelerator (FELIX-II card). In more detail, we have implemented a low-abstraction RTL design of the Hough transform on Xilinx UltraScale+ FPGAs as target devices for filtering applications.
Highlights
The High-Energy Physics Experiments (HEPE) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva are approaching a high-luminosity Phase-II upgrade [1]
The Hough transform has never been implemented on electronics in particle physics experiments, and since a hardware implementation would provide benefits in terms of overall Latency, we complete the studies by comparing the simulated data with a physical system implemented on a Xilinx hardware accelerator (FELIX-II card)
The study has investigated a Hough transform system characterized by a 250 MHz clock signal, a 216 × 216 Accumulator, and a number of Hits on the order of 1000
Summary
The High-Energy Physics Experiments (HEPE) at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva are approaching a high-luminosity Phase-II upgrade [1]. The Tracker [3,4], which is part of a more complex detection, and pattern recognition system, is the apparatus that reads the detectors closest to the interaction point, and reconstructs the particle tracks In this environment, the Trigger [5] electronic system selects the useful data from background and, in general, this task of selecting a few expected events, from a large amount of unnecessary. Here, the noise can be imagined of any origin, and composed of traditional white noise or unwanted physical data that emerge after particle collisions In both cases, this unwanted data must be removed from the useful information, and HT appears to be a reasonable solution for the purpose
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