Abstract
Intraplate, hot spot related volcanic occurrences do not have a random distribution on the Earth's surface. They are concentrated in two large regions (up to 10,000 km in diameter), the Pacific and the African, and two smaller areas (2000–3000 km in diameter), the Central Asian and the Tasmanian. These regions are considered as manifestations of hot fields in the mantle, whereas the regions lying in between are expressions of cold fields in the mantle. Large-scale anomalies coincide with the hot fields: topographic swells, geoid highs, uplifts of the “asthenospheric table”, inferred heated regions in the lowermost mantle according to seismic tomographic images, geochemical anomalies showing the origin of volcanics from undepleted mantle sources. Hot fields are relatively stable features, having remained in the same position on the Earth's surface during the last 120 Ma, although they have other configurations and other positions in the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic. Available data show that two main hot fields (Pacific and African) are possibly moving one with respect to the other, converging along the Eastern Pacific subduction system and diverging along that of the Western Pacific. If so, well-known differences between these subduction systems can also be connected with related displacement of the hot fields. Hot fields are assumed to correspond to upwelling branches of mantle and rather deep mantle convection, and cold fields to downwelling branches. Thus, hot fields can be regarded as expressions of deeper tectonics, comparative to the plate tectonics, which is operating in the upper layers of the Earth. We call it hot-field tectonics. Plate tectonics is responsible for the opening and closure of oceans and for the formation of orogenic belts, whereas hot-field tectonics accounts for a larger cyclicity of the Earth's evolution and for amalgamation and break up of Pangea-type supercontinents. Hot-field tectonics seems to be the only process to have existed on all of the terrestrial planets. We speculate that hot-field tectonics governs the global geodynamics of the Earth.
Highlights
Аннотация: Описана модель мантийного термохимического плюма, и представлена схема его зарождения на границе ядро–мантия
After eruption of the melt from the plume conduit to the surface, melting occurs along the base of the crustal block above the plume roof, resulting in the formation of a mushroom-shaped head of the plume, which means that a large intrusive body is formed
Based on the laboratory and theoretical modeling results, we present the thermal and hydrodynamic structure of the thermochemical plume with the mushroom-shaped head
Summary
Процессы тепло- и массообмена на границе ядро – мантия во многом определяют работу термохимической машины Земли. Предложена модель термохимического плюма, формирующегося на границе ядро – мантия при наличии теплового потока из внешнего ядра и локальном поступлении химической добавки, понижающей температуру плавления мантии [Kirdyashkin et al, 2004]. В работах [Dobretsov et al, 2005, 2008] был проанализирован тепло- и массоперенос термохимического плюма и оценены его основные параметры. Однако создание моделей образования гранитов требует комплексного подхода: химические и петрологические модели должны быть поддержаны необходимым количеством тепловой энергии при соответствующих P-T-параметрах. В исследованиях процессов образования гранитов химические и петрологические модели должны быть поддержаны моделями тепловой и гидродинамической структуры термохимического плюма. В настоящей статье на основе геологических данных определены тепловые мощности мантийных термохимических плюмов, ответственных за образование крупных интрузивных тел, в том числе батолитов. Оценены размеры грибообразной головы плюма, представляющей собой расплав корового слоя, над которым расположен твердый массив толщиной δ. При этом температура плавления «сухого» гранита достигает 1215–1260 °С [Larsen, 1929]
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