Abstract
Acute respiratory tract infection (RTI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and the majority of RTIs are caused by viruses, among which respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and the closely related human metapneumovirus (hMPV) figure prominently. Host innate immune response has been implicated in recognition, protection and immune pathological mechanisms. Host-viral interactions are generally initiated via host recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) of the virus. This recognition occurs through host pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which are expressed on innate immune cells such as epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils. Multiple PRR families, including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs) and NOD-like receptors (NLRs), contribute significantly to viral detection, leading to induction of cytokines, chemokines and type I interferons (IFNs), which subsequently facilitate the eradication of the virus. This review focuses on the current literature on RSV and hMPV infection and the role of PRRs in establishing/mediating the infection in both in vitro and in vivo models. A better understanding of the complex interplay between these two viruses and host PRRs might lead to efficient prophylactic and therapeutic treatments, as well as the development of adequate vaccines.
Highlights
Acute respiratory tract infections remain one of the most important causes of death in both adults and children, and are the third leading cause of death in the world
This review mainly focuses on the current literature on the role of the various pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV)
Inflammatory cell recruitment in the BAL, lungs, as well as in lymph nodes, was significantly reduced. These results indicate that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 4 is important for activation of the innate immune response to hMPV infection; it contributes to disease pathogenesis [134]
Summary
Acute respiratory tract infections remain one of the most important causes of death in both adults and children, and are the third leading cause of death in the world They reported enhanced viral replication, reduction in lung neutrophil recruitment and reduced activation of DCs at early times post-infection (p.i.), suggesting an important role for TLR 2 and TLR 6 in shaping RSV-induced innate immune response and in controlling viral burden [61].
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