Abstract
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and contagious infectious disease caused by infection with Brucella species. The infecting brucellae are capable of causing a devastating multi-organ disease in humans with serious health complications. The pathogenesis of Brucella infection is influenced largely by host factors, Brucella species/strain, and the ability of invading brucellae to survive and replicate within mononuclear phagocytic cells, preferentially macrophages (Mf). Consequently, the course of human infection may appear as an acute fatal or progress into chronic debilitating infection with periodical episodes that leads to bacteremia and death. The existence of brucellae inside Mf represents one of the strategies used by Brucella to evade the host immune response and is responsible for treatment failure in certain human populations treated with anti-Brucella drugs. Moreover, the persistence of brucellae inside Mf complicates the diagnosis and may affect the host cell signaling pathways with consequent alterations in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Therefore, there is an urgent need to pursue the development of novel drugs and/or vaccine targets against human brucellosis using high throughput technologies in genomics, proteomics, and immunology.
Highlights
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and contagious infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella
Cell response to Brucella infection The intracellular nature of Brucella organisms makes it difficult for these bacteria to be completely eliminated by the host cellular responses [20] or be eradicated by antimicrobial drugs [23, 24]
A recent study by Barrionuevo et al [34] demonstrated that B. abortus utilizes its lipoproteins to inhibit the monocytes/macrophages activation mediated by IFN-γ and to subvert host immunological responses
Summary
Brucellosis is a zoonotic and contagious infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. In Saudi Arabia, B. suis does not exist due to the lack of its natural animal reservoir, the swine species, leaving B. melitensis and B. abortus as the two most common brucellae that cause human infection in this region [35]. Cell response to Brucella infection The intracellular nature of Brucella organisms makes it difficult for these bacteria to be completely eliminated by the host cellular responses [20] or be eradicated by antimicrobial drugs [23, 24].
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