Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are steadily increasing worldwide, partially due to the increased incidence of immunocompromised conditions, such as the post-transplantation state. The importance of proper diagnosis and management of NTM infection has been recently recognized. Host immunological responses play integral roles in vulnerability to NTM infections, and may contribute to the onset of specific types of NTM infection. Furthermore, distinct NTM species are known to affect and attenuate these host immune responses in unique manners. Therefore, host immune responses must be understood with respect to each causative NTM species. Here, we review innate, cellular-mediated, and humoral immunity to NTM and provide perspectives on novel diagnostic approaches regarding each NTM species.
Highlights
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental organisms of considerable clinical relevance, which are commonly found in water and soil [1]
The innate immune system is a form of host defense that promptly senses invading pathogens Thepattern innate recognition immune system is a form of host defense that promptly invading pathogens through receptors (PRRs)
non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) infections are increasing worldwide, but there remains a considerable lack of clarity regarding
Summary
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are ubiquitous environmental organisms of considerable clinical relevance, which are commonly found in water and soil [1]. Despite the ubiquitous presence of NTM species in the environment and presumably pervasive human exposure, the occurrence of NTM-related diseases is relatively infrequent [3]. NTM species possess low to moderate pathogenicity, such that host risk factors may play integral roles in vulnerability to NTM infections. Innate immune responses play crucial development and progression of NTM infection. NTM species, well as have shown that the human immune system exhibits differences responses to Mtbas and NTM responses towell specific. We each reviewed focused on differences in immune responses to in immune responses to multiple subspecies mycobacteria.
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