Abstract
Gut microbial colonization starts with birth and initiates a complex process between the host and the microbiota. Successful co-development of both establishes a symbiotic mutual relationship and functional homeostasis, while alterations thereof predispose the individual life-long to inflammatory and metabolic diseases. Multiple data have been provided how colonizing microbes induce a reprogramming and maturation of immunity by providing crucial instructing information to the newborn immune system. Less is known about what host factors have influence on the interplay between intestinal immunity and the composition of the gut microbial ecology. Here we review existing evidence regarding host factors that contribute to a favorable development of the gut microbiome and thereby successful maturation of gut mucosal immunity.
Highlights
Several hundred bacterial species colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and live in a mutual relationship with the host and its immune system [1, 2]
Dysbiotic microbiome states are characterized by an altered microbiota composition of loss of diversity resulting in a bloom of pathobionts, loss of commensals, shift in metabolic capacities, and associate with the development of highly prevalent chronic inflammatory and metabolic diseases and/or an increased susceptibility to infections [5,6,7,8,9]
The postnatal period is critical for the establishment of a healthy gut microbiota composition that promotes the postnatal maturation of gut mucosal and extra-intestinal immunity [10,11,12,13,14,15]
Summary
Several hundred bacterial species colonize the human gastrointestinal tract and live in a mutual relationship with the host and its immune system [1, 2]. The mode of action is often not clearly detangled in terms of microbiota-shaping by direct antimicrobial activity or indirectly via priming or regulation of neonatal mucosal immunity which in turn impacts on the colonization or expansion of specific microbial communities.
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