Abstract
To complete the infection cycle efficiently, the virus must hijack the host systems in order to benefit for all the steps and has to face all the defense mechanisms from the host. This review involves a discussion of how these positive and negative factors regulate the viral RNA accumulation identified for the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded RNA virus. The genome of BaMV is approximately 6.4 kb in length, encoding five functional polypeptides. To reveal the host factors involved in the infection cycle of BaMV, a few different approaches were taken to screen the candidates. One of the approaches is isolating the viral replicase-associated proteins by co-immunoprecipitation with the transiently expressed tagged viral replicase in plants. Another approach is using the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism technique to screen the differentially expressed genes derived from N. benthamiana plants after infection. The candidates are examined by knocking down the expression in plants using the Tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing technique following BaMV inoculation. The positive or negative regulators could be described as reducing or enhancing the accumulation of BaMV in plants when the expression levels of these proteins are knocked down. The possible roles of these host factors acting on the accumulation of BaMV will be discussed.
Highlights
When a positive-sense RNA virus infects a host cell, it needs to produce its progeny and move it to the neighboring cells efficiently
The entire infection cycle starts at the viral RNA entry, using the host translation system to produce the viral-specific replicase, transition the viral template from translation status to replication status, targeting the specific organelle for replication, rearrangement of the cellular membrane, recruitment of ancillary proteins to the replication site, viral RNA replication to synthesize the minus- and plus-strand RNAs, subgenomic RNA synthesis in some species, and the viral-encoded movement proteins (MPs) and coat proteins accumulated for cell-to-cell movement and encapsidation, respectively
A mutant with the fixed GDP-bound RabG3f (T22N) was trapped at the Golgi and could not assist the accumulation of Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV). These results suggest that NbRabG3f is involved in a vesicle budding from the Golgi and transports the cargos containing the unidentified host factors to the destination site for BaMV replication (Figure 1)
Summary
This review involves a discussion of how these positive and negative factors regulate the viral RNA accumulation identified for the Bamboo mosaic virus (BaMV), a single-stranded RNA virus. To reveal the host factors involved in the infection cycle of BaMV, a few different approaches were taken to screen the candidates. One of the approaches is isolating the viral replicase-associated proteins by co-immunoprecipitation with the transiently expressed tagged viral replicase in plants. Another approach is using the cDNA-amplified fragment length polymorphism technique to screen the differentially expressed genes derived from N. benthamiana plants after infection. The positive or negative regulators could be described as reducing or enhancing the accumulation of BaMV in plants when the expression levels of these proteins are knocked down.
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