Abstract
The present study employs a data review on the presence and aggregation of oxytetracycline (OTC) and resistance (AMR) bacteria in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and the distribution of the contaminated effluent with the aid of shallow and deep ocean currents. The study aims to determine the fate of OTC and AMR bacteria in seafood, and demonstrate a relationship between AMR levels and human health. This review includes (1) OTC, (2) AMR bacteria, (3) heavy metals in aquatic environments, and their relationship. Few publications describe OCT in surface waters. Although OTC and other tetracyclines were found in 10 countries in relatively low concentrations, the continuous water mass movement poses a contamination risk for mariculture and aquaculture. There are 10 locations showing AMR bacteria in treated and untreated hospital effluent. Special effort was made to define the geography distribution of OTC, AMR bacteria, and heavy metals detected in WWTPs to show the likely dissemination in an aquatic environment. The presence of OTC in surface waters in Asia, USA, and Europe can potentially impact seafood globally with the aid of ocean currents. Moreover, low concentrations of heavy metals exert environmental pressure and contribute to AMR dissemination. Recommended solutions are (1) quantitative analysis of OTC, heavy metals, and AMR bacteria to define their main sources; (2) employing effective technologies in urban and industrial wastewater treatment; and (3) selecting appropriate modelling from Global Ocean Observing System to predict the OTC, heavy metals, and AMR bacteria distribution.
Highlights
Hospital effluents have been perceived to be detrimental to both humans and the environment owing to their hazardous constituents
A similar result was obtained in New Deli in India, where high levels of Antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) associated with resistance to TC, sulfonamide, and β-lactam were detected in all stages in Waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) [65]
The OTC were detected in WWTPs in Asia, USA and Europe
Summary
Hospital effluents have been perceived to be detrimental to both humans and the environment owing to their hazardous constituents These effluents consist of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites, diagnostic agents, disinfectants, and pathogens resulting from diagnostic products of laboratories, research activities, and medicine excretion from patients [1,2]. In many countries, urban and industrial wastewater is discharged into receiving water bodies without any treatment or after primary treatment only. With this wastewater originating from the hospital, industrial and urban effluents end up in the marine environments through surface runoff and sediment transportation, contributing to the tremendous increase in marine pollution [4]
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