Abstract
Woody perennials enter seasonal dormancy to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Plant hormones are the critical mediators regulating this complex process, which is subject to the influence of many internal and external factors. Over the last two decades, our knowledge of hormone-mediated dormancy has increased considerably, primarily due to advancements in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics. These advancements have enabled the elucidation of several aspects of hormonal regulation associated with bud dormancy in various deciduous tree species. Plant hormones interact with each other extensively in a context-dependent manner. The dormancy-associated MADS (DAM) transcription factors appear to enable hormones and other internal signals associated with the transition between different phases of bud dormancy. These proteins likely hold a great potential in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of dormancy initiation, maintenance, and release. In this review, a recent understanding of the roles of plant hormones, their cross talks, and their potential interactions with DAM proteins during dormancy is discussed.
Highlights
Bud dormancy is an essential adaptation, which allows temperate woody perennials to survive adverse environmental conditions during winter
We focus on topics related to recent findings associated with bud dormancy, with an emphasis on the functions and interactions of plant hormones during bud dormancy, in deciduous fruit trees
Plant hormone ABA regulates a great number of aspects in plant growth and development and is an important messenger of Abbreviation: ABA, abscisic acid; callose synthase 1 (CALS1), callose synthase; cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclindependent kinases; CK, cytokinin; DAM, dormancy-associated MADS genes; ET, ethylene; FT, flowering locus T; GA, gibberellins; GA2ox, GA 2-oxidase; GA3ox, 3-oxidase; GA4 by dioxygenases 20-oxidase (GA20ox), dioxygenases 20-oxidase; HC, hydrogen cyanamide; IAA, indole-3-acetic acid; JA, jasmonate; NCED, 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase; PP2Cs, protein phosphate 2Cs; ROS, reactive oxygen species; SD, short day; SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE (SVP), short vegetative phase
Summary
Woody perennials enter seasonal dormancy to avoid unfavorable environmental conditions. Over the last two decades, our knowledge of hormone-mediated dormancy has increased considerably, primarily due to advancements in molecular biology, omics, and bioinformatics. These advancements have enabled the elucidation of several aspects of hormonal regulation associated with bud dormancy in various deciduous tree species. The dormancy-associated MADS (DAM) transcription factors appear to enable hormones and other internal signals associated with the transition between different phases of bud dormancy. These proteins likely hold a great potential in deciphering the underlying mechanisms of dormancy initiation, maintenance, and release.
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