Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, and especially tomato. Photosystem II (PSII) responses in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) leaves to Botrytis cinerea spore suspension application were evaluated by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging analysis. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) that was detected 30 min after Botrytis application with an increasing trend up to 240 min, is possibly convening tolerance against B. cinerea at short-time exposure, but when increasing at relative longer exposure, is becoming a damaging molecule. In accordance, an enhanced photosystem II (PSII) functionality was observed 30 min after application of B. cinerea, with a higher fraction of absorbed light energy to be directed to photochemistry (ΦPSΙΙ). The concomitant increase in the photoprotective mechanism of non-photochemical quenching of photosynthesis (NPQ) resulted in a significant decrease in the dissipated non-regulated energy (ΦNO), indicating a possible decreased singlet oxygen (1O2) formation, thus specifying a modified reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis. Therefore, 30 min after application of Botrytis spore suspension, before any visual symptoms appeared, defense response mechanisms were triggered, with PSII photochemistry to be adjusted by NPQ in a such way that PSII functionality to be enhanced, but being fully inhibited at the application spot and the adjacent area, after longer exposure (240 min). Hence, the response of tomato PSII to B. cinerea, indicates a hormetic temporal response in terms of “stress defense response” and “toxicity”, expanding the features of hormesis to biotic factors also. The enhanced PSII functionality 30 min after Botrytis application can possible be related with the need of an increased sugar production that is associated with a stronger plant defense potential through the induction of defense genes.
Highlights
Botrytis cinerea, a fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, especially tomato, cucumber, strawberry, potato, and ornamental plants [1,2]
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Summary
A fungal pathogen that causes gray mold, is damaging more than 200 plant species, especially tomato, cucumber, strawberry, potato, and ornamental plants [1,2]. B. cinerea releases ethylene to accelerate leaf wither, decreasing photosynthetic efficiency and affecting plant production resulting in huge economic losses [2,3]. This pathogen kills plant tissues previous to feeding on them, and uses a variety of toxic molecules to decompose the host cells [4,5]. Lesion development induced by the necrotrophic fungus B. cinerea influences growth performance of tomato plants [6]. Infection by B. cinerea induces increased respiration on the infected tissues, leading to a severe drop in the O2 concentration in an otherwise fully aerobic leaf [8]
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