Horizontal Honey-Bee Larvae Rearing Plates Can Increase the Deformation Rate of Newly Emerged Adult Honey Bees.

Chang-Young Yoon,Jin-A Oh,Kyongmi Chon,Juyeong Kim,Hong-Hyun Park,Bo-Seon Kim,Yong-Soo Choi

doi:10.3390/insects12070603

Abstract

Simple SummaryRearing honey bee (Apis mellifera) larvae in vitro is an important method for studying bee larvae diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on bees. Laboratory experiments for bee larvae are usually performed by placing a rearing plate horizontally during all developmental stages. However, recent studies have demonstrated that a horizontal rearing environment can cause the deformation of emerged bees. Most studies adopted a vertical rearing method to reduce such deformation, but there is a lack of information on the emergence rates and deformation rates of bees reared on vertical or horizontal plates. Therefore, in this study, we examined the effect of placing the plates vertically and horizontally on newly emerged bees. There were no significant differences in larval mortality, pupal mortality, and adult emergence rates between horizontal and vertical rearing plates. However, the adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher than those of the vertical plates. In conclusion, we suggest that the vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rate of the control group to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees.Rearing honey bee larvae in vitro is an ideal method to study honey bee larval diseases or the toxicity of pesticides on honey bee larvae under standardized conditions. However, recent studies reported that a horizontal position may cause the deformation of emerged bees. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the emergence and deformation rates of honey bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) larvae reared in horizontal and vertical positions. The study was conducted under the same laboratory conditions with three experimental groups, non-capped or capped horizontal plates and capped vertical plates. However, our results demonstrated that the exhibited adult deformation rates of the horizontal plates were significantly higher (27.8% and 26.1%) than those of the vertical plates (11.9%). In particular, the most common symptoms were deformed wings and an abnormal abdomen in the horizontal plates. Additionally, adults reared on horizontal plates were substantially smaller (10.88 and 10.82 mm) than those on vertical plates (11.55 mm). Considering these conclusions, we suggest that a vertical rearing method is more suitable when considering the deformation rates of the control groups to verify the sublethal effects of pesticides on honey bees.

Highlights

Many studies have reported recent significant pollinator declines and increased honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses in many countries [1,2,3,4,5]
On day 1 (D1), 20 μL of larval diet A was loaded into the grafting cell cup, and healthy first instar larvae were transferred into the cell cups of 48-well tissue plates (SPL, Pocheon-si, Korea)
On D21, total emergence rates were 79.9 ± 3.3% in the non-capped and horizontally oriented groups (NHG), 79.9 ± 6.7% in the capped and horizontally oriented groups (CHG), and 81.3 ± 0.9% in the capped and vertically oriented groups (CVG), which corresponds to the OECD test condition that the adult emergence rate should be ≥70% in the controls

Summary

Introduction

Many studies have reported recent significant pollinator declines and increased honey bee (Apis mellifera) colony losses in many countries [1,2,3,4,5]. In contrast to controllable laboratory conditions, field experiments in hives are impacted by numerous uncontrollable factors such as season, colony genetic variation, climate, and resource availability [17,18,19]. Because of these uncontrolled variables, the in vitro procedure of rearing honey-bee larvae has been proposed to evaluate the toxicity of pesticides on honey-bee broods (larvae, pupae, and adults) [11]. Available data in the publications concerning the lethal and sublethal effects on honey-bee larvae are rather poor compared to adult bees [11,24,25]

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