Abstract
Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are mesenchymal stem cells identified within subcutaneous tissue at the base of the hair follicle (dermal papilla cells), in the dermal sheets (dermal sheet cells), in interfollicular dermis, and in the hypodermis tissue. These cells are expected to play a major role in regulating skin regeneration and aging-associated morphologic disgraces and structural deficits. ADSCs are known to proliferate and differentiate into skin cells to repair damaged or dead cells, but also act by an autocrine and paracrine pathway to activate cell regeneration and the healing process. During wound healing, ADSCs have a great ability in migration to be recruited rapidly into wounded sites added to their differentiation towards dermal fibroblasts (DF), endothelial cells, and keratinocytes. Additionally, ADSCs and DFs are the major sources of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins involved in maintaining skin structure and function. Their interactions with skin cells are involved in regulating skin homeostasis and during healing. The evidence suggests that their secretomes ensure: (i) The change in macrophages inflammatory phenotype implicated in the inflammatory phase, (ii) the formation of new blood vessels, thus promoting angiogenesis by increasing endothelial cell differentiation and cell migration, and (iii) the formation of granulation tissues, skin cells, and ECM production, whereby proliferation and remodeling phases occur. These characteristics would be beneficial to therapeutic strategies in wound healing and skin aging and have driven more insights in many clinical investigations. Additionally, it was recently presented as the tool key in the new free-cell therapy in regenerative medicine. Nevertheless, ADSCs fulfill the general accepted criteria for cell-based therapies, but still need further investigations into their efficiency, taking into consideration the host-environment and patient-associated factors.
Highlights
Multipotent mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as residual stem cells in almost all adult organs, especially within adipose tissue (AT)
As evidenced by most reports, Adipose tissue derived stem cells (ADSCs) are able to secrete a rich secretome, whereby cell proliferation and differentiation, migration, and an improvement to the cellular and microenvironment protection occurred [7,8,9,10,11,12,13]. This secretome corresponds to a panel of trophic factors, such as cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines, which allow ADSCs to act as paracrine tools that are more likely than cell replacement
The aims of the strategies altogether converge to ensure patient satisfaction in terms of esthetic appearance and functionality. Based on their great ability to proliferate, differentiate, and migrate adding to their immunomodulatory effect, advancements using skin cellular substitute, biomaterials, and fat graft have been promising in supporting skin repair
Summary
Multipotent mesenchymal/stromal stem cells (MSCs) have been identified as residual stem cells in almost all adult organs, especially within adipose tissue (AT). ADSCs might be influenced in their ability to regenerate the injured tissue In skin aging, these cells are expected to reduce their proliferation while their differentiation ability remains conserved, with a decrease of ECM secretion and an increase of cell apoptosis and accumulation of senescent cells [25,26]. We attempt to emphasize the mutual interactions between ADSCs, their surrounding cells, ECM proteins, and the panel of the microenvironment growth factors, as well as to determine their role in the regulation and the induction of cell regeneration in cases of injury and aging Controlling this microenvironment might raise a potential to increase cell functionality and life span in order to counterbalance the physiological symptoms related to aging-associated diseases. This might open the way to a new era of managing the organ life span for promising therapeutic advancements
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