Hope and General Self-efficacy in Adults with and Without Advanced Illness: A Comparative Study

Abstract

Background: To compare level of Hope and General Self-Efficacy (GSE)in adults with and without advanced illness. Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted during November 2017 to March 2018. Convenient sampling technique was used to collect data from tertiary health care units of Faisalabad. Sample was consisting of adults without diagnosis of advanced illness and diagnosed with advance illness i.e., the experimental group of this study. The Herth Hope Index (HHI) and Generalized Self-Efficacy (GSE) scale were used to assess hope and GSE level in adults with and without advanced illness. Descriptive statistics and independent sample t-test was run in SPSS 21 for windows. Results: The sample was consisting of (N=180) with mean age 53.38(11.43) including 90(50%) with and 90(50%) without advanced illness, amongst them men were 120(66.7%) and women 60(33.3%). Independent sample ttest indicated that adults without advanced illness had significantly high level of Hope as compared to adults with advanced illness. Further on GSE adults with advanced illness had significantly lower level in contrast to adults without advanced illness. No significant gender difference was observed among patients and general population. Conclusion: Adults without advanced illness are more hopeful about their lives and have higher GSE as compared to adults with advanced illness.