Abstract
Hop plants comprise a variety of natural compounds greatly differing in their structure and properties. A wide range of methods have been developed for their isolation and chemical analysis, as well as for determining their antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antigenotoxic potentials. This contribution provides an overview of extraction and fractionation techniques of the most important hop compounds known for their health-promoting features. Although hops remain the principal ingredient for providing the taste, stability, and antimicrobial protection of beer, they have found applications in the pharmaceutical and other food industries as well. This review focuses on numerous health-promoting effects of hops raging from antioxidative, sedative, and anti-inflammatory potentials, over anticarcinogenic features to estrogenic activity. Therefore, hops should be exploited for the prevention and even healing of several prevalent diseases like cardiovascular disorders and various cancer types. New ideas for future studies on hops are finally presented: computational investigations of chemical reactivities of hop compounds, nanoencapsulation, and synergistic effects leading to a higher bioavailability of biologically active substances as well as the application of waste hop biomass from breweries for the production of high-added-value products in accordance with the biorefinery concept.
Highlights
Over the last decades, the scientific world has turned its focus on exploring the biological effects of plants used in folk/traditional medicine
Ethanol as a polar solvent dissolves a broader range of hop components and represents a suitable solvent for extraction of polyphenols, compounds with structural phenolic features, which can be associated with different organic acids and carbohydrates
Total phenolics and antioxidative activities of hop extracts are commonly determined by well-established methods. 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH*) scavenging assay is used to evaluate the antioxidative activities of the extracts, whilst the total phenolics are determined by the reduction of phosphotungstic acid and phosphomolybdic acid [33]
Summary
The scientific world has turned its focus on exploring the biological effects of plants used in folk/traditional medicine. Hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.), presented, has been in a continuous use for centuries most prevalent diseases as cardiovascular or neurological disorders and cancer or even a millennium mostly as an ingredient of beer, some of its medicinal properties have. Nowadays its sedative effect is the most well-known, certain food supplements that certain hop compounds carry a potential for becoming novel anticancer agents as they on exert its significant, basis already exist for treating sleepbeneficial disorders biological [8]. Its use is largely limited to the processing of dry raw materials and compounds of low polarity as well as low molecular weight It this review article we collected the current knowledge on the methods for isolation, characterization, and determination of antioxidative, antimicrobial, and antigenotoxic potentials of compounds found in hops and combined it with the results of in vitro and in vivo studies on their biological effects. Methods of Isolation, Characterization, and Determination of Antioxidative, Antimicrobial, and Antigenotoxic Potentials of Main Chemical Compounds in Hops
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