Honey and quercetin reduce ochratoxin A-induced DNA damage in the liver and the kidney through the modulation of intestinal microflora

Abstract

ABSTRACTThis study was conducted to evaluate the interactions between the gut microbiota, ochratoxin A and functional food such as honey and quercetin, and the consequences of these interactions on ochratoxin-induced DNA damage in blood, liver and kidney cells. Honey (2 g kg−1) or Quercetin (50 mg kg−1) was applied to mice by intragastric application every day for 15 days, immediately before ochratoxin treatment (100 µg kg−1). We investigated colonic probiotic bacteria count, β-glucuronidase activity, the alkaline comet assay in blood, liver and kidney, the number of cells in the peritoneal cavity, macrophage spreading index and hematological and biochemical parameters. Honey and QU may reduce ochratoxin-induced DNA damage in the liver and kidney, β-glucuronidase activity and inflammation, partly through increasing the colon Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli counts. The obtained results suggest that honey and QU counteracted the OTA-induced toxicity due to their bifidogenic activity and antigenotoxic activity.