Honduran Smilax L. (zarzaparrilla) (Liliales, Smilacaceae): an estimate of the amount of plants required for the Boston 1855 exports

Abstract

The genus Smilax L. has a long history of ethnobotanical uses. Zarzaparrilla was exported from Latin America to Europe for over five centuries to treat syphilis. In 2013, Smilax rhizomes collected from Cortés, Honduras were dried and weighed: one Smilax febrifuga Kunth (cuculmeca blanca), one Smilax officinalis L. (zarzaparrilla), and two individuals of Smilax domingensis Willd. (cuculmeca). The fresh weights of each rhizome were 2.32 kg, 0.52 kg, 0.71 kg, and 24.40 kg, respectively. These values were used to estimate the number of plants needed to meet the 23,405 kg of zarzaparrilla that arrived in Boston in 1855 from Honduras. The weights obtained suggest that to reach the 23,405 kg exported, 10,088 individuals of S. febrifuga would be needed. In the case of S. officinalis, 45,010 would be needed and for S. domingensis, 32,965 young or 959 mature would be necessary. The demand of Smilax (to ineffectively treat syphilis) in combination with deforestation reduced their populations in Honduras. The amount of zarzaparrilla exported from Honduras in 1855 may have been three times the amount that arrived in Boston given that while in Jamaica, ships were unloaded and their zarzaparrilla cargo was subdivided into boats destined for Habana, London, and Boston. A list of Smilax species currently known from Honduras, a review of other ethnobotanical uses, and a discussion of common names for Smilax in the Antilles and Mesoamerica is presented