Homologous recombination repair deficiency as a predictive biomarker : Basic mechanisms and detection methods

Abstract

DNA double-strand breaks may evoke cell death or cancer. Cells have developed two fundamentally different mechanisms of DNA double-strand repair: the accurate mechanism of homologous recombination repair and the error-prone nonhomologous end joining. The deficiency of homologous recombination repair (HRD) is afrequent feature of several solid tumor entities and is associated with sensitivity to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor therapy. Among other biomarkers, HRD testing provides an opportunity to guide PARP inhibitor therapy in solid tumors, but the basic principles are complex and the use and benefits of the different methodologies remain controversial. Knowledge of the underlying mechanisms at the molecular level will advance our understanding and will pave the way to introduce the testing of new biomarkers. An overview of the fundamental mechanisms of DNA repair is provided. Important terms like HRR, HRD, and BRCAness are defined, and analysis methods are described, especially with regard to their integration in molecular pathology routine diagnostics. Currently, at least testing of the BRCA mutation status and genomic instability using acomposite HRD score should be implemented in laboratories to identify subgroups of patients who might benefit from PARP inhibitor therapies. Abroad range of testing methods is available with pros and cons for introduction in the clinical setting. They have to be validated carefully to reliably inform treatment selection. Biomarkers to identify current homologous recombination deficiency status are needed to predict the benefit from PARP inhibitors and stratify their use in clinical management. Besides commercial assays, different tests might be used for the analysis of HRD. The application depends, among other things, on the local situation and has to be extensively validated.