Abstract
Effectively utilizing catalytic pyrolysis to upgrade bio-oil products prepared from biomass has many potential benefits for the environment. In this paper, cellulose (a major component of plants and a biomass model compound) is pyrolyzed and catalyzed with different catalysts: Ni2Fe3, ZSM-5, and Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5. Two different pyrolysis processes are investigated to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis influence on the products. The results indicate that the Ni2Fe3 cluster catalyst shows the best activity as a homogeneous catalysis. It can also be recycled repeatedly, increases the yield of bio-oil, and improves the quality of the bio-oil by decreasing the sugar concentration. Furthermore, it also catalyzes the formation of a small amount of hydrocarbon compounds. In the case of Ni2Fe3/ZSM-5 catalyst, it shows a lower yield of bio-oil but also decreases the sugar concentration significantly. Ni2Fe3, not only can it be used as homogeneous catalysis mixed with cellulose but also shows catalytic activity as a supported catalyst on ZSM-5, with higher catalytic activity than ZSM-5. These results indicate that the Ni2Fe3 catalyst has significant activity for potential use in industry to produce high quality bio-oil from biomass.
Highlights
Current energy consumption worldwide mostly depends on fossil fuels, which will continue to be the dominant source of energy for the several decades [1,2,3]
3 shows the bio-oil,gas, gas, andchar/coke char/coke mass mass yields yields of grams of the ZSM-5, NiNi catalyst were wereseparately separately mixed with cellulose and
After comparing the different catalyst types, the results indicate that overall the catalysts do not have a strong impact on the major products of the bio-oil
Summary
Current energy consumption worldwide mostly depends on fossil fuels, which will continue to be the dominant source of energy for the several decades [1,2,3]. Carbon dioxide emissions from the use of fossil fuel increase every year [4], and the associated environmental problems have compelled researchers to look for innovative strategies to develop renewable energy sources and fuels. Japan Airlines Co., Ltd. plans to build a factory to transform biomass to bio-fuel for aircraft fuel to reduce CO2 emissions [6]. Non-upgraded bio-oil is a complex mixture of oxygenated compounds, which reduces the energy content and density [7]. Many researchers have been working for decades to produce higher-quality fuels, using catalytic pyrolysis, hydrogenolysis, and other methods. Compared to other thermochemical processing techniques, biomass pyrolysis is a well-established process that is a favorable renewable resource for energy recovery. During the catalytic pyrolysis process, the catalyst plays a significant role in the reactions for upgrading bio-fuel products. Most researchers prefer heterogeneous catalysis, the solid catalyst will not directly react with a reactant, i.e., it is only in contact with the pyrolyzed vapors
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