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Abstract
The basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor (bHLH TF) family is involved in tissue development, cell differentiation, and disease. These factors have transcriptionally positive, negative, and inactive functions by combining dimeric interactions among family members. The best known bHLH TFs are the E-protein homodimers and heterodimers with the tissue-specific TFs or ID proteins. These cooperative and dynamic interactions result in a complex transcriptional network that helps define the cell’s fate. Here, the reported dimeric interactions of 67 vertebrate bHLH TFs with other family members are summarized in tables, including specifications of the experimental techniques that defined the dimers. The compilation of these extensive data underscores homodimers of tissue-specific bHLH TFs as a central part of the bHLH regulatory network, with relevant positive and negative transcriptional regulatory roles. Furthermore, some sequence-specific TFs can also form transcriptionally inactive heterodimers with each other. The function, classification, and developmental role for all vertebrate bHLH TFs in four major classes are detailed.
Highlights
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that are directly involved in the activation or repression of RNA synthesis from a DNA template [1], most of the time by recognizing specific DNA sequences [2]
In the transcriptional reporter assays, the most common approach to define the function of the dimeric basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor (bHLH TF), the main drawback is the presence of a specific endogenous pool of bHLH TFs in the cell
Another layer of complexity is added by the fact that alternate dimerizing partners are usually co-expressed in vivo, establishing a dynamic pool of TFs, whose balance defines the outcome of the assays
Summary
Transcription factors (TFs) are proteins that are directly involved in the activation or repression of RNA synthesis from a DNA template [1], most of the time by recognizing specific DNA sequences [2]. The sequence-specific TFs regulate transcription initiation at specific promoters by identifying precise DNA motifs located in enhancers These enhancers can be proximal or distal to the core promoter [3]. The sequence-specific DNA-binding TFs have been classified based on their well-defined DNA-binding protein domains [4]. These TFs families include the basic helix–. E-proteins, reshaping summarized of tissue‐specific dimers not involving E‐proteins, reshaping the information summarized before [6] and expanding the classical model.
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