Homocysteine, hopelessness, rumination, affective temperaments, and clinical course in patients with bipolar disorder-1

Abstract

Purpose This study aimed to explore the associations between homocysteine, rumination, affective temperaments, clinical features, and hopelessness in bipolar disorder-1 (BD-1). Materials and methods In total, 57 euthymic patients with BD-1 and 57 healthy controls were included. The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Temperament Evaluation of Memphis, Pisa, Paris, and San Diego-Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A), and Ruminative Responses Scale Short Form (RRS-SF) were administered. Homocysteine, folate, and vitamin B12 levels were measured. Results The BHS total (p = 0.047), TEMPS-A irritable (p = 0.007), and TEMPS-A cyclothymic (p= 0.001) scores were significantly higher than the control group in the BD-1 group. Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) was found in 33.3% of the patients (n = 19). In the HHcy group, age of onset of disease (p = 0.020) was significantly lower than the non-HHcy group in patients. Previous suicide attempt number was significantly correlated with scores of reflective pondering, brooding, and global rumination in BD-1 (p ˂ 0.05). Except for hyperthymic temperament, all types of affective temperaments were correlated with the scores of RRS-SF brooding (p ˂ 0.05) in the BD-1 group. The RRS-SF brooding scores significantly correlated with the BHS total scores (r = 0.263, p < 0.05); the TEMPS-A hyperthymic (β = −0.351, p = 0.001) and TEMPS-A irritable (β = 0.536, p < 0.001) scores significantly predicted the BHS total scores in the BD-1 group. Conclusions The findings may lead clinical efforts and future clinical trials to explore and intervene in related sources and presentations of BD-1’s adverse consequences.