Abstract
BackgroundThe home provides the physical and social context for the majority of eating behaviors for U.S. adults. This study describes eleven dimensions of the home food environment among a national sample of U.S. adults and identifies which are associated with diet quality and overweight/obesity.MethodsA national sample of U.S. adults ages 18 to 75 was recruited from an online survey panel. Respondents (n = 4942) reported on foods available in the home, including 1) fruit and vegetables, 2) salty snacks/sweets, 3) less healthy beverages, as well as 4) food placement, 5) shopping practices for fruits and vegetables, 6) food preparation, 7) portion control methods, 8) family meals from restaurants, 9) family household practices around TV and eating, 10) presence of a TV in the dining area, and 11) ownership of a scale. Self-reported height and weight, fruit and vegetable intake, and percent calories from fat were also assessed.ResultsMean household size was 2.6, 32.7% had children in the home, and 23.1% lived alone. The majority were White (67.7%), with 12.3% Black and 14.3% Hispanic. Mean age was 44.4 and 48.3% were men. In multivariable models, seven features of the home food environment were associated with meeting the recommended fruit and vegetable intake guidelines, with food placement, meal preparation, frequency of shopping for fruit, and a greater variety of fruits and vegetables available in the home most strongly associated. Eight of 11 features were associated with percent energy from fat, including restaurant food for family meals, salty snacks and sweets availability, less healthy beverages availability, food placement, meal preparation, frequency of shopping for fruit, family eating with the TV on, and having a TV in the dining area. More diverse fruit and vegetable availability was associated with lower odds of overweight/obesity, and more frequent family eating while watching TV was associated with increased odds of overweight/obesity.ConclusionTargeting these dimensions of the home food environment may be a promising approach for future intervention research.
Highlights
The home provides the physical and social context for the majority of eating behaviors for U.S adults
As part of a weight gain prevention intervention, we developed a conceptual model for home food environments [31, 32] and examined its influence on fruit and vegetable intake and percent energy from fat in low-income overweight and obese women [19]
Other associations were salty snacks and sweets (b = 0.23, SE = 0.04, p < .0001), unhealthy beverages (b = 0.51, SE = 0.07, p < .0001), food placement (b = − 0.37, SE = 0.11, p = 0.0008), meal preparation (b = − 0.45, SE = 0.13, p = 0.0006), family eating with the TV on (b = 0.32, SE = 0.07, p < .0001), and frequency of shopping for fruit (b = − 0.50, SE = 0.18, p = 0.005)
Summary
The home provides the physical and social context for the majority of eating behaviors for U.S adults. A number of studies have examined one or two aspects of the home environment, such as foods available in the home or frequency of shared family meals [3,4,5,6,7,8,9], but relatively few have examined a comprehensive set of home environment features and their possible association with weight and diet quality. Those that have, tend to focus on how home environments influence childhood obesity or diet [10,11,12]. Studies of home food accessibility are less common in adults, and report mixed findings [10, 19]
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