Abstract
Real-space mapping of the complex charge density wave order parameter reveals coexisting unidirectional charge modulations connected by fundamental crystalline symmetry. These quantum phases develop their distinct order parameter landscapes with a rich variety of features such as domain walls, discommensuration and topological defects.
Highlights
The spatially averaged intensity of the charge density wave (CDW) order parameter is usually accessed by scattering techniques sensitive to the local lattice distortions, or electron spectroscopy and transport measurements sensitive to changes in the band structure due to the opening of the CDW gap
We focus on the complex CDW order parameter in three transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) MSe2
We focus on three selected CDW features to illustrate the augmented experimental phase space accessible by fitting the complex order parameter in real space
Summary
The spatially averaged intensity of the CDW order parameter is usually accessed by scattering techniques sensitive to the local lattice distortions, or electron spectroscopy and transport measurements sensitive to changes in the band structure due to the opening of the CDW gap. Combining reciprocal and real space scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) data to extract the full complex CDW order parameter enables us to overcome these limitations. The CDW state is characterized by a real space periodic modulation of the charge density [9]: δρ(r) = ρ(r) − ρ0 = A · cos(q · r + φ) = Re( eiq·r ), (1). We focus on the complex CDW order parameter in three transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) MSe2. They are layered materials where each slab is composed of a triangular metal layer M (Ti, Nb, and V in the present study) sandwiched between two triangular selenium sheets. Hereafter and following the proposition of McMillan [15], we refer to the CDW modulations in the three qn directions as the three coexisting CDWs, a denomination fully justified by our experimental findings
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