Abstract
A proper understanding of the paleoclimatic variability in the Southern Peninsular India demands a high-resolution paleoclimate reconstruction record. Hence, in this paper, we compiled all the available paleoclimate records from various locations across the Southern India that receives the southwest and the northeast monsoon. We delineated the southwest monsoon (SWMR) and Northeast monsoon (NEMR) variations within the Holocene Period based on the existing paleoclimatic record from this region. Paleoclimate records are primarily based on various paleoclimate archives and proxies. A detailed study of these variations unravels, (i) that SWMR gradually intensified since the younger dryas during the Early Holocene period. On the contrary, NEMR records indicate a dry phase during the same period. (ii) During the mid-late Holocene, precipitation in SWMR-dominated regions decreased, whereas precipitation in NEMR-dominated regions shows an increasing trend. (iii) Then, in the late Holocene Period, SWMR exhibits an overall wet phase with a few drier periods, and NEMR shows an intense dry period with shorter wet phases, which can be correlated to the demise of Chola dynasty, in the Southern India.
Highlights
The tropical climate system in India is dominated by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), which is characterised by regional irregularities in the general circulation of the atmosphere caused by landsea contrasts and seasonal reversal in wind direction
To get a comprehensive picture of climatic variations of SWMR and NEMR in southern peninsular India, we have considered all available terrestrial and marine records
SWMR paleoclimatic record shows a wet period in the early Holocene and a gradual decline in monsoon precipitation in the Mid-Holocene period
Summary
The tropical climate system in India is dominated by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), which is characterised by regional irregularities in the general circulation of the atmosphere caused by landsea contrasts and seasonal reversal in wind direction. During the winter dry cold winds from Asia blow offshore (Colin et al, 1998). The interaction of these moisture regimes with various teleconnections (El Niño, La Nina, and IODM) have resulted in decadal to millennial-scale precipitation variations over India (Singhvi and Kale, 2010; Rajeevan et al, 2012). During the summer monsoons withdrawal phase, lower-level winds in South Asia migrate from southwest to northeast (Rajeevan et al, 2012). This shift can be attributed to the southern trend of the tropical convergence zone. Low-level winds over India switch their direction from southwesterly to northeasterly during the NEMR, and the region becomes a subset of the
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