Hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction of fluoroquinolones in chicken livers followed by high pressure liquid chromatography: Greenness assessment using National Environmental Methods Index Label (NEMI), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE), and Eco Scale

Abstract

In this work, a simple hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction combined with high pressure liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD) is presented for the determination of six fluoroquinolone residues in chicken livers. The hollow fiber liquid supported liquid membrane (HF-SLM) procedure was optimized by one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT). The samples were extracted from the livers with a 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and purified by hollow fiber liquid phase microextraction. Under optimum conditions, the linearity was in the range of 30–400 µg kg−1 for all the target analytes. The coefficient of determination (R2) ranged from 0.9988 to 0.9999 and the correlation coefficient (R) ranged from 0.9994 to 0.9999. The recoveries ranged from 68 % to 103 %, and the limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) of the target compounds in chicken livers ranged from 2 to 15 µg kg−1 and 7–50 µg kg−1 respectively. The greenness of the method was assessed by NEMI, GAPI, Eco scale, and AGREE metrics tools. When comparing all these tools, only the Eco-scale tool qualified the proposed method as being green.