Abstract
.Significance: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible and progressive disorder that damages brain cells and impairs the cognitive abilities of the affected. Developing a sensitive and cost-effective method to detect Alzheimer’s biomarkers appears vital in both a diagnostic and therapeutic perspective.Aim: Our goal is to develop a sensitive and reliable tool for detection of amyloid (1-42) peptide (), a major AD biomarker, using fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS).Approach: A hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) was integrated with a conventional Raman spectroscopic setup to perform FERS measurements. FERS was then coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to further amplify the Raman signal thanks to a combined FERS-SERS assay.Results: A minimum 20-fold enhancement of the Raman signal of as compared to a conventional Raman spectroscopy scheme was observed using the HCPCF-based light delivery system. The signal was further boosted by decorating the fiber core with gold bipyramids generating an additional SERS effect, resulting in an overall 200 times amplification.Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the use of an HCPCF-based platform can provide sharp and intense Raman signals of , in turn paving the way toward the development of a sensitive label-free detection tool for early diagnosis of AD.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that affects several million of people worldwide.[1,2,3,4] AD is considered as one of the leading causes of dementia, and it is ranked as the fifth major cause of death
In order to compare the vibrational signal response produced by our fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) system with that obtained by a conventional Raman spectroscopy setup, Raman measurements were carried out both with the analyte solution inside the hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) and with a conventional direct sampling method
We verified that once the HCPCF is filled with water, due to a change in the refractive index, its transmission spectrum gets shifted from NIR to the visible range with maximum transmission in the region from 500 to 900 nm[36] (Fig. 3)
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a chronic, progressive, neurodegenerative disorder that affects several million of people worldwide.[1,2,3,4] AD is considered as one of the leading causes of dementia, and it is ranked as the fifth major cause of death. AD is pathologically characterized by the deposition of extracellular plaques composed of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) and the aggregation of tau protein as intracellular neurofibrillary tangles in the brain.[5,6,7,8,9,10] the entorhinalcortex and hippocampus, which are brain areas dealing with cognitive abilities, are critically. Affected by the deposition of plaques and tangles in such a way that cognitive disabilities, including memory impairment, difficulties with reasoning and solving problems, and challenges with time and space, are among the prime distinctive symptoms of AD. The conclusive diagnosis of AD is still challenging requiring an autopsy substantiation of disease pathology
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