Abstract
The footprint of tourism through travel is contributing significantly to the accumulation of human-made CO2. Due to different options in transportation, resulting emissions depend strongly on the choices of individuals on how to travel. In Austria, land travel is the main mode of transportation, though air travel has shown a significant increase during the last decades. We present a model to estimate past and future emission trends of land and air travel for domestic (inbound) and international (outbound) travel destinations. For this, we use a combination of two software models, a social-economic individual-based model to simulate the decision processes of holiday travel and an emission calculation model to estimate single travel-based CO2 emissions. Our model is supported by data (reference year 2016) on tourism demand, holiday destinations, household wealth and emissions of different transportation modes. Our model evaluation successfully reproduced historical data of travel demand in the period 2003–2019 and explores several future trends of (a) business-as-usual, (b) green transition and (c) aviation preference increase. We calculated a current CO2 footprint of 5.8 million tonnes in 2019, which could increase to 7.3 million tonnes by 2030 if the current trend continues. A necessary decrease of transportation emissions is only possible when reducing air travel. In case of a green transition towards more land travel, total emissions could be kept constant compared to current emission levels. However, an overall reduction of holiday travel related CO2 below 3.5 million tonnes has not been observed even under the best circumstances due to projected increases in the total population and increases in wealth.
Highlights
The transportation sector is responsible for a major fraction of global CO2 emissions
We show a comparison of model data with empirical trends of Austrian tourism in the period 2003–2030
This trend analysis is followed by the emission calculation of the respective period for land and air travel
Summary
The transportation sector is responsible for a major fraction of global CO2 emissions. In the European Union, more than 22% of all greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are caused by transport [1]. This large share does not necessarily mean that there is an large potential to reduce emissions. For other segments of transportation, there is ample opportunity to reduce emissions. First of all, going on holiday is a luxury in the sense that it is not vital, in contrast to other causes of transportation-related emissions. The main contribution of GHG emissions comes from aviation (40% of tourism’s overall carbon footprint) followed by car transportation (32%)
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