Abstract
<div style="left: 81.816px; top: 554.304px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.945404);" data-canvas-width="64.96499999999999"><strong>Objective:</strong></div><div style="left: 146.781px; top: 554.304px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.916953);" data-canvas-width="327.78">Hoarding is commonly defined as the acquisition of</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 577.634px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925405);" data-canvas-width="392.8499999999999">and failure to discard possessions of little use or value, and is</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 600.963px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.925516);" data-canvas-width="392.82">included as a symptom in the diagnostic criteria for obsessive</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 624.293px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.921474);" data-canvas-width="392.63999999999976">compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) and obsessive</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 647.622px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.966516);" data-canvas-width="392.76">compulsive disorder (OCD). However, it has also been</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 670.952px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.927338);" data-canvas-width="392.80500000000006">observed in other clinical syndromes including schizophrenia.</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 694.281px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.877386);" data-canvas-width="392.8349999999999">This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 717.611px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.901411);" data-canvas-width="392.79">clinical presentation of hoarding behaviour in schizophrenia</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 740.94px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.896676);" data-canvas-width="145.65">among Xhosa patients.</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 778.453px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.945913);" data-canvas-width="52.845000000000006"><strong>Method:</strong></div><div style="left: 134.661px; top: 778.453px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.875209);" data-canvas-width="339.975">The sample consisted of 102 patients, recruited as</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 801.782px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.892501);" data-canvas-width="392.7749999999999">part of a larger genetic study in the Cape Town metropole</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 825.112px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.942281);" data-canvas-width="392.7900000000001">between November 2004 and January 2005, diagnosed with</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 848.441px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.911274);" data-canvas-width="392.82">schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders according to the</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 871.771px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.906643);" data-canvas-width="335.72999999999996">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</div><div style="left: 417.051px; top: 871.771px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif;">(</div><div style="left: 420.651px; top: 871.771px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.845623);" data-canvas-width="45.720000000000006">DSM-IV</div><div style="left: 466.371px; top: 871.771px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.873016);" data-canvas-width="8.25">)</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 895.1px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.933064);" data-canvas-width="392.82">criteria. They were screened for clinically significant hoarding</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 918.43px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.903346);" data-canvas-width="392.82000000000005">symptoms. If these were present, additional information on</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 941.759px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.883932);" data-canvas-width="392.7750000000001">the phenomenology was obtained by means of a structured</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 965.089px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.892874);" data-canvas-width="392.82000000000005">questionnaire. The Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 988.418px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.893517);" data-canvas-width="392.79000000000013">(MINI) (screen and full version), the Yale Brown Obsessive</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1011.75px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.902758);" data-canvas-width="392.82000000000005">Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) Checklist, Y-BOCS, Clutter Image</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1035.08px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.887528);" data-canvas-width="392.80499999999995">Rating Scale (CIRS) and a structured questionnaire on hoarding</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1058.41px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.907236);" data-canvas-width="118.485">were administered.</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1095.92px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.789549);" data-canvas-width="44.06999999999999"><strong>Results:</strong></div><div style="left: 125.886px; top: 1095.92px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.878424);" data-canvas-width="348.7050000000001">Only four patients with schizophrenia were classified</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1119.25px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.890916);" data-canvas-width="392.7899999999999">as hoarders. Although their clinical presentation resembled that</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1142.58px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912332);" data-canvas-width="392.8349999999999">of hoarders described elsewhere in the literature, they had low</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1165.91px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.908464);" data-canvas-width="392.835">Y-BOCS scores and did not report other obsessive-compulsive</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1189.24px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.872842);" data-canvas-width="68.94">symptoms.</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1226.75px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.906502);" data-canvas-width="73.2"><strong>Conclusion:</strong></div><div style="left: 155.016px; top: 1226.75px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.900338);" data-canvas-width="319.575">Our results suggest that hoarding behaviour is</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1250.08px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.908745);" data-canvas-width="392.79000000000013">not common in Xhosa patients with schizophrenia. Further</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1273.41px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.912192);" data-canvas-width="392.78999999999996">investigation of protective factors for hoarding behaviour in the</div><div style="left: 81.816px; top: 1296.74px; font-size: 15.45px; font-family: sans-serif; transform: scaleX(0.907419);" data-canvas-width="192.63000000000002">Xhosa population is warranted.</div>
Highlights
Four patients with schizophrenia were classified as hoarders
Their clinical presentation resembled that of hoarders described elsewhere in the literature, they had low Yale Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS) scores and did not report other obsessive-compulsive symptoms
Our results suggest that hoarding behaviour is not common in Xhosa patients with schizophrenia
Summary
The sample consisted of 102 Xhosa patients with schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder. Patients were recruited through a large genetics study in the Cape Town metropole (Western Cape, South Africa) between November 2004 and January 2005. Patients eligible for inclusion in the genetics study were referred by community health workers. Inclusion criteria were a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizo-affective disorder according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) criteria, and Xhosa ethnicity (4/4 grandparents reported as being of Xhosa origin). Informed written consent (legal guardians if applicable) was obtained from all participants as per the Institutional Review Board Guidelines of Stellenbosch University.
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