Abstract

The transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) pathway exhibits pro-tumorigenic effects across multiple malignancies via its impact on tumor cells, microenvironment, and/or the immune system.1,2 Therefore, there is a growing impetus to target the TGFβ signaling axis across malignancies.1,2 Although early-phase/dose-defining trials with TGFβR1 (ALK5) inhibitor in glioma3 and TGFβ2 oligo therapy in anaplastic astrocytoma4 have shown improved outcomes, albeit in a small subset of patients, the molecular determinants that dictate response to TGFβ-pathway targeted therapies, however, remain elusive; underscoring a broader unmet need in precision oncology.

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