HLA typing methods used for organ and tissue transplantation

Abstract

The antigen system on the surface of human cells is responsible for recognizing foreign antigens. In organ transplantation, the immune system reacts to all foreign antigens that are different from the recipients antigens. In practice, solid organ transplantation is carried out with varying degrees of genetic discrepancy, while the main principle that should be followed to prevent acute and chronic transplant rejection reactions is to avoid unacceptable discrepancies. As a result, the diagnosis of typing genes of histocompatibility allows you to select a donor to which the recipient will not have sensitization. The article presents an analysis of various methods for typing human histocompatibility genes for organ and tissue transplantation. The discovery of the polymerase chain reaction was a new stage in the typing of human histocompatibility genes, which made it possible to develop new methods of gene typing. As a result, methods have been developed for typing genes using sequencers, including a new-generation MiSeq sequencer (Illumina, USА), a Massarray genomic time-of-flight analyzer (Agena Bioscience, USA). The use of sequencing has led to the possibility of simultaneous typing from 24 to 100 DNA samples. Modern technological solutions have made it possible to improve the 3rd generation NGS sequencers and provide a maximum productivity of up to 30 billion nucleotides per run, minimize restrictions on the length of DNA readings, as well as track parameters, control the sequencing process and conduct base-scaling in real time. Modern data using rapid genes typing of the human histocompatibility system (MinION Oxford nanopore) meet the needs of particularly sensitive recipients. Preliminary evidence suggests that this method will be more economical and efficient and will replace all previous ones over time (8 figs, bibliography: 40 refs).