Abstract
In recent years, a number of different mechanisms regulating gene expressions, either in normal or in pathological conditions, have been discovered. This review aims to highlight some of the regulatory pathways involved during the HIV-1 infection and disease progression, focusing on the novel discovered microRNAs (miRNAs) and their relation with immune system's agents. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) family of proteins plays a key role because it is a crucial modulator of the immune response; here we will examine recent findings, centering especially on HLA-C and -G, novel players lately discovered to engage in modulation of immune system. We hope to provide novel perspectives useful to find out original therapeutic roads against HIV-1 infection and AIDS progression.
Highlights
Gene expression is a tightly regulated mechanism, in a cellas well as time-specific manner, and numerous different pathways exist to regulate this activity
Human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C plays a dual role: it presents antigen to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), albeit less efficiently than either HLA-A or -B [21], while it results more efficient in inhibiting natural killer (NK) cell lysis via its interaction with inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) [22]
In agreement with this hypothesis, Turk and coworkers in 2013 reported that the HLA-G∗01:01:01 genotype was significantly associated with Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-resistant women, while the HLA-G∗01:04:04 genotype was significantly associated with susceptibility to HIV-1 infection [54]
Summary
Gene expression is a tightly regulated mechanism, in a cellas well as time-specific manner, and numerous different pathways exist to regulate this activity. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an RNA virus included in the genus Lentivirus, family Retroviridae, and it is the cause of the AIDS This virus is formed of a diploid single strand RNA genome enclosed in a truncated cone capsid with a phospholipidic bilayer envelope, containing the proteins that allow the virus entry into the cells. The HIV-1 genome present 6 genes encoding proteins that regulate the life cycle of the virus [7], as tat and rev, essential for replication, vif, vpu, and vpr, which regulate the ability of replication and assembly of the new viral particles, nef, which reduces the expression of CD4 on the host cell and promotes virus release [8]. The HIV-1 infection is mediated by interaction between the proteins of the viral
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