Abstract
Since the identification of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) as the etiologic agent of AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome), many efforts have been made to stop the AIDS pandemic. A major success of medical research has been the development of the highly active antiretroviral therapy and its availability to an increasing number of people worldwide, with a considerable effect on survival. However, a safe and effective vaccine able to prevent and eradicate the HIV pandemic is still lacking. Clinical trials and preclinical proof-of-concept studies in nonhuman primate (NHP) models have provided insights into potential correlates of protection against the HIV-1 infection, which include broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs), non-neutralizing antibodies targeting the variable loops 1 and 2 (V1V2) regions of the HIV-1 envelope (Env), polyfunctional antibody, and Env-specific T-cell responses. In this review, we provide a brief overview of different HIV-1 vaccine approaches and discuss the current understanding of the cellular and humoral correlates of HIV-1 immunity.
Highlights
Since the first published report [1] (1981) of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles being treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) has given rise to one of the most deadly infectious disease in the human history, causing about 35 million deaths
We provide a general overview of the recent advances in HIV-1 vaccine development, with a focus on the immunological mechanisms
Cohen and collaborators [42] have shown that early preservation of a specific subset of peripheral T follicular helper (Tfh) cells strongly correlated with the breadth of nAb responses during chronic HIV-1 infection, suggesting that maintenance of this subset would be necessary to preserve the early B-cell activation profile essential for the affinity maturation, somatic hypermutations (SHM), and generation of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs)
Summary
Since the first published report [1] (1981) of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in five homosexual men in Los Angeles being treated for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1) has given rise to one of the most deadly infectious disease in the human history, causing about 35 million deaths. Increasing numbers of HIV-infected individuals have access to the life-saving, highly effective antiretroviral therapy (HAART) that can suppress the plasma viremia and reduce the risk of AIDS and transmission of HIV [2]. The persistence of HIV-latent reservoirs makes the complete eradication of the virus in infected individuals receiving HAART extremely problematic [3,4]. HIV-1 primarily infects CD4+ T-cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, causing functional defects and damage to the immune system. A safe and effective vaccine would be an invaluable tool to stop the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The analyses of vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection in humans and non-human primate (NHP) models are guiding different HIV-1 vaccine approaches [8,9,10]. We provide a general overview of the recent advances in HIV-1 vaccine development, with a focus on the immunological mechanisms
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