Abstract
Incarceration, psychiatric and substance-use disorders, and infectious diseases form a syndemic.1 That is, criminal justice systems gather people with pre-existing, serious health problems and exacerbate them. People who are incarcerated have much higher rates of infectious diseases than the general population: six-times higher for HIV, eight-times for hepatitis C virus, and two-times for hepatitis B virus.2 People who are incarcerated in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) have nearly 16-times the prevalence of psychotic disorders, and up to six-times that of major depression, than the general population.
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